tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51850328070341665142024-02-22T11:08:59.364-05:00Check on AMINAThank you for your concern...AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-46455603966173447842012-12-25T00:00:00.000-05:002013-01-06T16:41:57.592-05:00Merry Christmas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</div>AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-42311778017173623812012-12-21T00:00:00.000-05:002012-12-27T01:43:32.328-05:00Happy winter solstice! to apocalypse and new beginnings<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Today is a very interesting day. Today marks the winter solstice or midwinter and the end of the Mayan calender. Some believe this means the beginning of the end, others a new beginning. I personal am hoping for the latter. I have no idea what the future holds and I am pretty sure no one else dose ether. So here is some food for thought. A video by a woman named Tea fairy who writes a column for <a href="http://www.erowid.org/" target="_blank">Erowid</a> giving her thoughts on these subjects. Explaining how she believes that the Mayan calender charts the expansion of human consciousness. The rest is cut and pasted information from Wikipedia. I don't know what you believe might happen, but I suggest you familiarize yourself with this information before you make up your mind. </div>
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<b>Here is a bit of information about the winter solstice according to Wikipedia</b></h2>
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This article is about the astronomical and cultural event of winter solstice, also known as midwinter. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice_%28disambiguation%29" title="Winter solstice (disambiguation)">Winter solstice (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwinter_%28disambiguation%29" title="Midwinter (disambiguation)">Midwinter (disambiguation)</a> or also see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a>.</div>
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"Goru" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goru,_Iran" title="Goru, Iran">Goru, Iran</a>.</div>
<table class="wikitable" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan="9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a> date and time of<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> on the earth <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USNO_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-USNO-1">[1]</a></sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>event</th>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">Northward<br />
equinox</a></th>
<th colspan="2"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_solstice" title="Northern solstice">Northern<br />
solstice</a></th>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Southward<br />
equinox</a></th>
<th colspan="2"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_solstice" title="Southern solstice">Southern<br />
solstice</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>month</th>
<th colspan="2">March</th>
<th colspan="2">June</th>
<th colspan="2">September</th>
<th colspan="2">December</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">year</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>day</th>
<th>time</th>
<th>day</th>
<th>time</th>
<th>day</th>
<th>time</th>
<th>day</th>
<th>time</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2010</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>17:32</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>11:28</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>03:09</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>23:38</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2011</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>23:21</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>17:16</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>09:04</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>05:30</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: gold;">
<th style="background-color: gold;">2012</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>05:14</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>23:09</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>14:49</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>11:12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2013</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>11:02</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>05:04</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>20:44</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>17:11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2014</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>16:57</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>10:51</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>02:29</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>23:03</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2015</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>22:45</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>16:38</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>08:20</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>04:48</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2016</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>04:30</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>22:34</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>14:21</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>10:44</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2017</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>10:28</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>04:24</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>20:02</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>16:28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2018</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>16:15</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>10:07</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>01:54</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>22:23</td>
</tr>
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<th>2019</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>21:58</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>15:54</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>07:50</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>04:19</td>
</tr>
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<th>2020</th>
<td>20</td>
<td>03:50</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>21:44</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>13:31</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>10:02</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_solstice.gif"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="95" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Winter_solstice.gif/100px-Winter_solstice.gif" width="100" /></a>
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Winter solstice in Northern Hemisphere.</div>
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The <b>winter solstice</b> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> that occurs in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a>. It is the time at which the Sun appears at noon at its lowest <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_%28astronomy%29" title="Altitude (astronomy)">altitude</a> above the horizon. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> this is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_solstice" title="Southern solstice">Southern solstice</a>, the time at which the Sun is at its southernmost point in the sky, which usually occurs on December 21 to 22 each year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><br />
In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> this is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_solstice" title="Northern solstice">Northern solstice</a>, the time at which the Sun is at its northernmost point in the sky, which usually occurs on June 20 to 21 each year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> of Earth and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope#Properties" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopic effects</a> of the planet's daily rotation keep the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" title="Axis of rotation">axis of rotation</a> pointed at the same point in the sky. As the Earth follows its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>
around the Sun, the same hemisphere that faced away from the Sun,
experiencing winter, will, in half a year, face towards the Sun and
experience summer. Since the two hemispheres face opposite directions
along the planetary pole, as one polar hemisphere experiences winter,
the other experiences summer.<br />
More evident from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_latitudes" title="High latitudes">high latitudes</a>, a hemisphere's winter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> occurs on the shortest day and longest night of the year, when the sun's daily maximum elevation in the sky is the lowest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Since the winter solstice lasts only a moment in time, other terms are often used for the day on which it occurs, such as "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwinter" title="Midwinter">midwinter</a>", "the longest night", "the shortest day" or "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season#Astronomical" title="Season">the first day of winter</a>".
The seasonal significance of the winter solstice is in the reversal of
the gradual lengthening of nights and shortening of days.<br />
Worldwide, interpretation of the event has varied from culture to
culture, but most Northern Hemisphere cultures have held a recognition
of rebirth, involving <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays" title="Holidays">holidays</a>, festivals, gatherings, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituals" title="Rituals">rituals</a> or other <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parties" title="Parties">celebrations</a> around that time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><br />
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<td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#History_and_cultural_significance"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History and cultural significance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#Observances"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Observances</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#External_Links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External Links</span></a></li>
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_cultural_significance">History and cultural significance</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amaterasu_cave_edit2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="94" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Amaterasu_cave_edit2.jpg/200px-Amaterasu_cave_edit2.jpg" width="200" /></a>
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Japanese Sun goddess <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> emerging from a cave.</div>
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The solstice itself may have been a special moment of the annual cycle of the year even during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a>
times. Astronomical events, which during ancient times controlled the
mating of animals, sowing of crops and metering of winter reserves
between harvests, show how various cultural mythologies and traditions
have arisen. This is attested by physical remains in the layouts of late
Neolithic and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> archaeological sites such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> in Britain and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>
in Ireland. The primary axes of both of these monuments seem to have
been carefully aligned on a sight-line pointing to the winter solstice
sunrise (Newgrange) and the winter solstice sunset (Stonehenge).
Significant in respect of Stonehenge is the fact that the Great <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">Trilithon</a> was erected outwards from the centre of the monument, i.e., its smooth flat face was turned towards the midwinter Sun.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goseck-2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="79" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Goseck-2.jpg/100px-Goseck-2.jpg" width="100" /></a>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goseck_circle" title="Goseck circle">Goseck circle</a>. The yellow lines are the direction the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> rises and sets at winter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>.</div>
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The winter solstice may have been immensely important because
communities were not certain of living through the winter, and had to be
prepared during the previous nine months. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a> was common in winter between January and April, also known as "the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> months". In temperate climates, the midwinter festival was the last feast <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">celebration</a>, before deep winter began. Most cattle were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">slaughtered</a>
so they would not have to be fed during the winter, so it was almost
the only time of year when a supply of fresh meat was available. The
majority of wine and beer made during the year was finally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_%28food%29" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a>
and ready for drinking at this time. The concentration of the
observances were not always on the day commencing at midnight or at
dawn, but the beginning of the pre-Romanized day, which falls on the
previous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening" title="Evening">eve</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><br />
Since the event is seen as the reversal of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s ebbing presence in the sky, concepts of the birth or rebirth of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_god" title="Sun god">sun gods</a> have been common and, in cultures using winter solstitially based cyclic calendars, the <i>year as reborn</i> has been celebrated with regard to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-death-rebirth_deity" title="Life-death-rebirth deity">life-death-rebirth deities</a> or <i>new beginnings</i> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a>'s <i>redding</i>, a New Year cleaning tradition. Also <i>reversal</i> is yet another usual theme as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>'s slave and master reversals.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Observances">Observances</span></h2>
<table cellspacing="3" class="infobox" style="border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="hd" colspan="2" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Winter solstice</th>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LHS_sunstones.jpg" title="Winter solstice"><img alt="Winter solstice" height="169" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/LHS_sunstones.jpg/225px-LHS_sunstones.jpg" width="225" /></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Hall_of_Science" title="Lawrence Hall of Science">Lawrence Hall of Science</a> visitors observe sunset on day of the winter solstice using the Sunstones II</td>
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<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Also called</th>
<td class="">Midwinter, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>, the Longest Night</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Observed by</th>
<td class="">Various cultures, ancient and modern</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Type</th>
<td class="">Cultural, seasonal, astronomical</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Significance</th>
<td class="">Astronomically marks the beginning of shortening nights and lengthening days</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Date</th>
<td class="">Between December 21 and December 22 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">NH</a>)<br />
Between June 20 and June 21 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">SH</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Celebrations</th>
<td class="">Festivals, spending time with loved ones, feasting, singing, dancing, fires</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Related to</th>
<td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" title="List of winter festivals">Winter festivals</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StonehengeSunrise1980s.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="154" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/StonehengeSunrise1980s.jpg/220px-StonehengeSunrise1980s.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StonehengeSunrise1980s.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Sunrise at Stonehenge on the Winter Solstice</div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" title="List of winter festivals">List of winter festivals</a></div>
Direct observation of the solstice by amateurs is difficult because
the sun moves too slowly at either solstice to determine its specific
day, let alone its instant.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Knowledge of when the event occurs has only recently been facilitated to near its instant according to precise <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical data tracking</a>.
It is not possible to detect the actual instant of the solstice (by
definition, one can not observe that an object has stopped moving until
one makes a second observation in time showing that it has not moved
further from the preceding spot, or that it has moved in the opposite
direction). Further, to be precise to a single day one must be able to
observe a change in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a>
or elevation less than or equal to about 1/60 of the angular diameter
of the sun. Observing that it occurred within a two day period is
easier, requiring an observation precision of only about 1/16 of the
angular diameter of the sun. Thus, many observations are of the day of
the solstice rather than the instant. This is often done by watching the
sunrise and sunset or vice versa or using an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">astronomically aligned instrument</a> that allows a ray of light to cast on a certain point around that time.<br />
Before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a>
many forms of observances, astronomical, symbolic or ritualistic, had
evolved according to the beliefs of various cultures, many of which are
still practiced today. The following is an alphabetical list of
observances believed to be directly linked to the winter solstice.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table class="toc" id="toc" summary="Contents">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Contents:</th>
<td><br /></td>
<td><div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#A">A</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#B">B</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#C">C</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#D">D</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#G">G</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#H">H</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#I">I</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#J">J</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#K">K</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#L">L</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#M">M</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#P">P</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#R">R</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#S">S</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#W">W</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#Y">Y</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#Z">Z</a></div>
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="A"><i>A</i></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amaterasu_appearing_from_the_cave..jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="179" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Amaterasu_appearing_from_the_cave..jpg/120px-Amaterasu_appearing_from_the_cave..jpg" width="120" /></a>
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Amaterasu Ōmikami appearing from the cave<br />
— Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1882)</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="B"><i>B</i></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Beiwe_Festival_.28Sami_people_of_Fennoscandia.29">Beiwe Festival <small>(Sami people of Fennoscandia)</small></span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiwe" title="Beiwe">Beiwe</a></div>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people" title="Sami people">Saami</a>, indigenous people of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Sweden and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, worship <i>Beiwe</i>,
the sun-goddess of fertility and sanity. She travels through the sky in
a structure made of reindeer bones with her daughter, Beiwe-Neia, to
herald back the greenery on which the reindeer feed. On the winter
solstice, her worshipers sacrifice white female animals, and thread the
meat onto sticks which they bend into rings and tie with bright ribbons.
They also cover their doorposts with butter so Beiwe can eat it and
begin her journey once again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Brumalia_.28Roman_Kingdom.29">Brumalia <small>(Roman Kingdom)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumalia" title="Brumalia">Brumalia</a></div>
Influenced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a> festival, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumalia" title="Brumalia">Brumalia</a></i> was an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> solstice festival honoring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Bacchus</a>,
generally held for a month and ending December 25. The festival
included drinking and merriment. The name is derived from the Latin word
<i>bruma</i>, meaning "shortest day" or "winter solstice". The festivities almost always occurred on the night of December 24.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="C"><i>C</i></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Chawmos_.28Kalash_people_of_Pakistan.29">Chawmos <small>(Kalash people of Pakistan)</small></span></h3>
In the ancient traditions of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash people</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, during winter solstice, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigod</a>
returns to collect prayers and deliver them to Dezao, the supreme
being. "During this celebrations women and girls are purified by taking
ritual baths. The men pour water over their heads while they hold up
bread. Then the men and boys are purified with water and must not sit on
chairs until evening when goat's blood is sprinkled on their faces.
Following this purification, a great festival begins, with singing,
dancing, bonfires, and feasting on goat tripe and other delicacies".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Christmas.2C_Natalis_Domini_.284th_century_Rome.2C_Christian.29">Christmas, Natalis Domini <small>(4th century Rome, Christian)</small></span></h3>
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Folktale of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a> riding a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">yule goat</a>.</div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div>
Christmas or <i>Christ's Mass</i> is one of the most popular
Christian celebrations as well as one of the most globally recognized
mid-winter celebrations in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>.
Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ, called the
"Son of God," the second person of the Holy Trinity, as well as "Savior
of the World." The birth is observed on December 25, which was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumalia" title="Brumalia">Roman winter solstice</a> upon establishment of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Calendar" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Activities include feasting, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Midnight Masses</a> and singing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_carols" title="Christmas carols">Christmas carols</a> about the <i>Nativity</i>. Good deeds and gift giving in the tradition of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas" title="St. Nicholas">St. Nicholas</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> is also observed. Many observe the holiday for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve days of Christmas">twelve days</a> leading up to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_%28holiday%29" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="D"><i>D</i></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Deyg.C4.81n.2C_Maidyarem_.28Zoroastrian.2C_Greater_Iran.29">Deygān, Maidyarem <small>(Zoroastrian, Greater Iran)</small></span></h3>
Theologically, Maidyarem is associated with Vahman, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spenta</a>
(or Holy Immortal) who created the primal bull, and all cattle, and is
associated with good plans and intentions. Maidyarem is celebrated in <i>Dey</i>, the tenth month of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a>, from the sixteenth (<i>Mihr</i>) to the twentieth (<i>Bahram</i>) day. There are also speculations that by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_calendar" title="Persian calendar">Persian calendar</a> many celebrated on the last day of the Persian month <i>Azar</i>, the longest night of the year, when the forces of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a> are assumed to be at the peak of their strength. The next day, the first day of the month <i>Dey</i>, known as <i>khoram ruz</i> or <i>khore ruz</i> (the day of sun) belongs to God (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>).
Since the days are getting longer and the nights shorter, this day
marks the victory of Sun over the darkness. The occasion was celebrated
in the ancient Persian <i>Deygan Festival</i> dedicated to Ahura Mazda, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> on the first day of the month <i>Dey</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Iranian.2C_History_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-The_Iranian.2C_History-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Dongzhi_Festival_.28East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.29">Dongzhi Festival <small>(East Asian Cultural Sphere)</small></span></h3>
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Hot citrus baths are taken</div>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongzhi_Festival" title="Dongzhi Festival">Dongzhi Festival</a></div>
The Winter Solstice Festival or The Extreme of Winter (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 冬至; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">동지</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <span lang="vi"><i>Đông chí</i></span>) (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Dōng zhì</i>), (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Rōmaji</a>: <i>Tōji</i>), (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Romaja</a>:<i>Dongji</i>) is one of the most important festivals celebrated by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere" title="East Asian Cultural Sphere">Chinese and other East Asians</a> during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongzhi_%28solar_term%29" title="Dongzhi (solar term)">dongzhi</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">solar term</a> on or around December 21 when sunshine is weakest and daylight shortest; <i>i.e.</i>, on the first day of the <i>dongzhi</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">solar term</a>.<br />
The origins of this festival can be traced back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a>
philosophy of balance and harmony in the cosmos. After this
celebration, there will be days with longer daylight hours and therefore
an increase in positive energy flowing in. The philosophical
significance of this is symbolized by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram_%28I_Ching%29" title="Hexagram (I Ching)">hexagram</a> <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching_hexagram_24" title="I Ching hexagram 24">fù</a></i> (復, "Returning").<br />
Traditionally, the Dongzhi Festival is also a time for the family to
get together. One activity that occurs during these get togethers
(especially in the southern parts of China and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese communities overseas</a>) is the making and eating of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangyuan_%28food%29" title="Tangyuan (food)">Tangyuan</a></i> (湯圓, as pronounced in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Tāng Yuán</i>) or balls of glutinous rice, which symbolize reunion. In Korea, similar balls of glutinous rice (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">새알심</span>) (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">English pronunciation</a>:<i>Saealsim</i>), is prepared in a traditional porridge made with sweet red bean (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">팥죽</span>) (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">English pronunciation</a>:<i>Patjook</i>). <i>Patjook</i>
was believed to have a special power and sprayed around houses on
winter solstice to repel sinister spirits. This practice was based on a
traditional folk tale, in which the ghost of a man that used to hate <i>patjook</i> comes haunting innocent villagers on the winter solstice.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="G"><i>G</i></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Goru_.28Dogon_people_of_Mali.29">Goru <small>(Dogon people of Mali)</small></span></h3>
<i>Goru</i> is the (December) Winter solstice ceremony of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Pays Dogon</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. It is the last harvest ritual and celebrates the arrival of humanity from the sky god, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Amma</a>, via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nommo" title="Nommo">Nommo</a> inside the <i>Aduno Koro</i>, or the "Ark of the World".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="H"><i>H</i></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Hanukkah_.28Judaism.29">Hanukkah <small>(Judaism)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></div>
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A Jewish child celebrating Hanukkah in the 1970s</div>
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Hanukkah (Hebrew: חֲנֻכָּה, Tiberian: Ḥănukkāh, nowadays usually spelled חנוכה pronounced [χanuˈka] in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>), also romanized as Chanukah, also known as the Festival of Lights is an eight-day <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holiday</a> commemorating the rededication of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in Jerusalem at the time of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> of the 2nd century BCE. Hanukkah is observed for eight nights, starting on the 25th day of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a> according to the Hebrew calendar, which may occur at any time from late November to late December in the Gregorian calendar.<br />
The festival is observed by the kindling of the lights of a unique candelabrum, the nine-branched <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_%28Hanukkah%29" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">Menorah</a></i> or <i>Hanukiah</i>, one additional light on each night of the holiday, progressing to eight on the final night. An extra light called a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">shamash</a></i>
(Hebrew: שמש, "attendant" or "sexton") is also lit each night for the
purpose of lighting the others, and is given a distinct location,
usually above or below the rest. The <i>shamash</i> symbolically supplies light that may be used.<br />
There is discussion if Hanukkah should be classified as a winter solstice holiday. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_calendar" title="Jewish calendar">Jewish calendar</a>
is neither solar nor lunar in nature but exists as a tension between
the two. As such, while the events that are commemorated by Hanukkah
happened on or around the solstice, because of the use of the lunar
calendar, Hanukkah is sometimes celebrated as early as late November.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Hogmanay_.28Scotland.29">Hogmanay <small>(Scotland)</small></span></h3>
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Torchlight procession on Calton Hill, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></div>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></div>
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Years_Eve" title="New Years Eve">New Years Eve</a> celebration of Scotland is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a>.
The name derives from the old Scots name for Yule gifts of the Middle
Ages. The early Hogmanay celebrations were originally brought to
Scotland by the invading and occupying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a>
who celebrated a solstitial new year (Britain celebrated the new year
on March 25, "Lady Day"). In 1600, with the Scottish application of the
January 1 New year and the church's persistent suppression of the
solstice celebrations, the holiday traditions moved to December 31. The
most widespread Scottish custom is the practice of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-Foot" title="First-Foot">first-footing</a></i>
which starts immediately after midnight on New Year's Day. This
involves being the first person (usually tall and dark haired) to cross
the threshold of a friend or neighbour and often involves the giving of
symbolic gifts such as salt (less common today), coal, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortbread" title="Shortbread">shortbread</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>,
and black bun (a fruit pudding) intended to bring different kinds of
luck to the householder. Food and drink (as the gifts, and often <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flies_cemetery" title="Flies cemetery">Flies cemetery</a>) are then given to the guests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
Traditionally Hogmanay was a day of preparation and the celebrations
did not begin until after midnight i.e. into the New Year. It was like
many winter festivals and really celebrated the end of winter and the
return of the sun.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="I"><i>I</i></span></h3>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a></div>
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Inti_Raymi_.28Inca:_Peru.2C_Bolivia.2C_Ecuador.29">Inti Raymi <small>(Inca: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a></div>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a> or "Festival of the Sun" was a religious ceremony of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> in honor of the sun god <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a>. It also marked the winter solstice and a new year in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. One ceremony performed by the Inca priests was the <i>tying of the sun</i>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> there is still a large column of stone called an <i>Intihuatana</i>, meaning "hitching post of the sun" or literally <i>for tying the sun</i>. The ceremony to tie the sun to the stone was to prevent the sun from escaping. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest" title="Spanish conquest">Spanish conquest</a>, never finding Machu Picchu, destroyed all the other <i>intihuatana</i>,
extinguishing the sun tying practice. The Catholic Church managed to
suppress all Inti festivals and ceremonies by 1572. Since 1944 a
theatrical representation of the Inti Raymi has been taking place at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n" title="Sacsayhuamán">Sacsayhuamán</a> (two km from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>) on June 24 of each year, attracting thousands of local visitors and tourists. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Alto_culture" title="Monte Alto culture">Monte Alto culture</a> may have also had a similar tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lynch_15-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-Lynch-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="J"><i>J</i></span></h3>
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Bahamas</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Junkanoo.2C_John_Canoe.2C_Dzon.27ku_.27Nu_.28West_Africa.2C_Bahamas.2C_Jamaica.2C_19th-century_North_Carolina.2C_Virginia.29">Junkanoo, John Canoe, Dzon'ku 'Nu <small>(West Africa, Bahamas, Jamaica, 19th-century North Carolina, Virginia)</small></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Junkanoo</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonkanoo" title="Jonkanoo">Jonkanoo</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonkonnu_parades" title="Jonkonnu parades">Jonkonnu parades</a></div>
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Junkanoo</a></i> in The Bahamas, <i>Junkunno</i> or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonkanoo" title="Jonkanoo">Jonkanoo</a></i> in Jamaica, is a fantastic masquerade, parade and street festival, suspected to be derived from either <i>Dzon'ku 'Nu</i> (tr: Witch-doctor) of the West African <i>Papaws</i>, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe people</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njoku_Ji" title="Njoku Ji">Njoku Ji</a></i>, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alusi" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>: <span lang="ig"><i>deity</i></span>) of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
It is traditionally performed through the streets towards the end of
December, and involves participants dressed in a variety of fanciful <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costumes" title="Costumes">costumes</a>, such as the <i>Cow Head</i>, the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_Horse" title="Hobby Horse">Hobby Horse</a></i>, the <i>Wild Indian</i>, and the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a></i>. The parades are accompanied by bands usually consisting of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">fifes</a>, drums, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grater" title="Grater">graters</a>
used as scrapers, and Jonkanoo songs are also sung. A similar practice
was once common in coastal North Carolina, where it was called "John
Canoe", "John Koonah", or "John Kooner". John Canoe was likened to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">wassailing</a> tradition of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Britain_%28disambiguation%29" title="Medieval Britain (disambiguation)">medieval Britain</a>. John Canoe was interpreted by many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-American" title="Euro-American">Euro-Americans</a> to bear strong resemblance to the social inversion rituals that marked the ancient Roman celebration of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="K"><i>K</i></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Karachun_.28Ancient_West_Slavs.29">Karachun <small>(Ancient West Slavs)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachun" title="Karachun">Karachun</a></div>
<i>Karachun</i>, <i>Korochun</i> or <i>Kračún</i> was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> holiday similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> as a day when the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnobog" title="Crnobog">Black God</a> and other evil spirits were most potent. It was celebrated by Slavs on the longest night of the year. On this night, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors" title="Hors">Hors</a>, symbolising the old sun, becomes smaller as the days become shorter in the Northern Hemisphere, and dies on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_December" title="22 December">December 22</a>,
the December solstice. He is said to be defeated by the dark and evil
powers of the Black God. In honour of Hors, the Slavs danced a ritual
chain-dance which was called the <i>horo</i>. Traditional chain-dancing in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> is still called <i>horo</i>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, it is known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorovod" title="Khorovod">khorovod</a></i>. On <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_December" title="23 December">December 23</a> Hors is resurrected and becomes the new sun, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleda" title="Koleda">Koleda</a>. On this day, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Slavs" title="Western Slavs">Western Slavs</a>
burned fires at cemeteries to keep their departed loved ones warm,
organized dinings in the honor of the dead so as they would not suffer
from hunger and lit wooden logs at local crossroads.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Koleda.2C_.D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8F.D0.B4.D0.B0.2C_Sviatki.2C_Dazh_Boh_.28Ancient_East_Slavs_and_Sarmatian.29">Koleda, Коляда, Sviatki, Dazh Boh <small>(Ancient East Slavs and Sarmatian)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleda" title="Koleda">Koleda</a></div>
In ancient Slavonic cultures, the festival of <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleda" title="Koleda">Koleda</a></i>
began at Winter solstice and lasted for ten days. In Russia, this
festival was later applied to Christmas Eve but most of the practices
were lost after the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_union" title="Soviet union">Soviet Revolution</a>. Each family made a fire in their hearth and invited their personal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_god" title="Household god">household gods</a> to join in the festivities. Children disguise themselves on evenings and nights and as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koledari_%28disambiguation%29" title="Koledari (disambiguation)">Koledari</a></i>, visited houses and sang wishes of good luck, like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shchedryk_%28song%29" title="Shchedryk (song)">Shchedryk</a></i>, to hosts. As a reward, they were given little gifts, a tradition called <i>Kolyadovanie</i>, much like the old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">wassailing</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummers" title="Mummers">mummers</a> Tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bertha.2FKoleda_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-Bertha.2FKoleda-19">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Koleda_20-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-Koleda-20">[20]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="L"><i>L</i></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="L.C3.A1_an_Dreoil.C3.ADn.2C_Wren_day_.28Celtic.2C_Irish.2C_Welsh.2C_Manx.29">Lá an Dreoilín, Wren day <small>(Celtic, Irish, Welsh, Manx)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_day" title="Wren day">Wren day</a></div>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></div>
For an unknown period, <i>Lá an Dreoilín</i> or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_day" title="Wren day">Wren day</a></i> has been celebrated in Ireland, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> on December 26. Crowds of people, called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrenboys" title="Wrenboys">wrenboys</a>,
take to the roads in various parts of Ireland, dressed in motley
clothing, wearing masks or straw suits and accompanied by musicians.
Previously the practice involved the killing of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wren</a>, and singing songs while carrying the bird from house to house, stopping in for food and merriment.<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenad</a> depicted in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> cup, ca. 480 BC, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Len.C3.A6a_.28Ancient_Greece_and_Hellenistic_Greece.29">Lenæa <small>(Ancient Greece and Hellenistic Greece)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></div>
In the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilizations</a>, the exclusively female midwinter ritual, <i>Lenaea</i> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></i>, was the "Festival of the Wild Women". In the forest, a man or bull representing the god <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> was torn to pieces and eaten by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a>.
Later in the ritual a baby, representing Dionysus reborn, was
presented. Lenaion, the first month of the Delian calendar, derived its
name from the festival's name. By <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical times</a>,
the human sacrifice had been replaced by that of a goat, and the
women's role had changed to that of funeral mourners and observers of
the birth. Wine miracles were performed by the priests, in which priests
would seal water or juice in a room overnight and the next day they
would have turned into wine. The miracle was said to have been performed
by Dionysus and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Lenaians</a>. By the 5th century BCE the ritual had become a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_calendar" title="Greek calendar">Gamelion</a> festival for theatrical competitions, often held in Athens in the Lenaion theater. The festival influenced the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumalia" title="Brumalia">Brumalia</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lohri_.28India.29">Lohri <small>(India)</small></span></h3>
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, the winter solstice is celebrated as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a>. Lohri is of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi folk religion</a> origin<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> It finds no mention in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> but has over time been twinned with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>
festival of Makar Sankranti which is celebrated a day after Lohri and
is known as Maghi. For this reason, Lohri is not actually celebrated on
the winter solstice but at the end of the month, Paush.<br />
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The Lucia procession in Sweden, 2007</div>
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Saint_Lucy.27s_Day.2C_Lucia.2C_St._Lucia_.28Scandinavia.29">Saint Lucy's Day, Lucia, St. Lucia <small>(Scandinavia)</small></span></h3>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day" title="Saint Lucy's Day">Saint Lucy's Day</a> occurs on December 13, the Winter solstice according to the old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">(Julian) calendar</a>.
A young girl or woman is chosen to portray Lucia wearing a white robe
and a red sash representing blood. She wears a crown or wreath with
candles (today usually electric ones) and hands out treats to children.
She is the one who brings the sun back and chases away winter. The
chosen Lucia goes to the homes of the elderly and to hospitals very
often, singing songs and glowing with candles. Frequently Lucia
celebrations are held at a church where many women and men appear,
dressed in white, and sing. However, it is only Lucia who wears the
crown while others hold candles and wear tinsel in their hair and around
their waists. The boys are dressed as 'Star boys' and wear pointed hats
decorated with gold stars.<br />
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron_bun" title="Saffron bun">Lussekatter</a></i>
are often eaten around this time and are commonly made as large buns
and sometimes served with coffee, though more commonly with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%B8gg" title="Gløgg">gløgg</a>. The word "lussekatt" ("Lucy cat") may be derived from the great Norse goddess <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya" title="Freya">Freya</a>´s
carriage drawn by cats. Very often it is the eldest daughter of a
family who will wear a white dress and a crown of tinsel or green
leaves, and candles. She will give the bread and coffee to her parents,
often singing one of many Lucia songs.<br />
Sweden takes this tradition very seriously, even going so far as to
allow no male to wear the Lucia crown. Doing so often causes large
uproar. It is a large honor to be picked to portray Lucia and many girls
want to appear as her attendants in a large group to sing the Lucia
songs. The year´s Nobel Prize winners are treated to coffee and "Lucy
cats" at their hotel rooms, early in the morning.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="M"><i>M</i></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Makara_Sankranti_.28Hindu.2C_India_and_Nepal.29">Makara Sankranti <small>(Hindu, India and Nepal)</small></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></div>
<i>Makara Sankranti</i>, celebrated at the beginning of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a></i> उत्तरायण, is the only Hindu festival which is based on the celestial calendar rather than the lunar calendar. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> having drifted from the solar calendar has caused the festival to now occur in mid-January (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession_of_equinoxes" title="Precession of equinoxes">precession of equinoxes</a>). In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> it is celebrated as the festival of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal">Pongal</a>. The day before Pongal, they celebrate <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhogi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bhogi (page does not exist)">Bhogi</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> it is called <i>Magh Bihu</i> (the First day of Magh), in Punjab <i>Maghi</i> and in Hindi speaking states, West Bengal and Maharshtra it is observed as <i>Makar Sankranti</i> and is celebrated by exchanging balls of sesame candy (<i>Til Gur</i>)
and requesting each other to be as sweet as the candy balls for the
next year. It is called Makara Sankrant because the sun enters the
zodiacal sign of Capricorn on January 14 (Makar meaning Capricorn). It
is celebrated with much pomp in Andhra Pradesh, where the festival is
celebrated for three days and is more of a cultural festival than an
auspicious day as in other parts of India. In some parts of India, the
festival is celebrated by taking dips in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> or another river and offering water to the Sun god. The dip is said to purify the self and bestow <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punya" title="Punya">punya</a></i>. In many states, mainly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>,
families fly bright colorful kites from their roofs all day and into
the night. It is a form of celebrating and welcoming the longer days. It
is also very common to feed grass to the cows on this day. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> on Bihu Eve or <i>Uruka</i> families build house-like structures called <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhelaghar" title="Bhelaghar">bhelaghar</a></i> and separate large <i>bhelaghar</i>
are built by the community as a whole. Different sorts of twine are
tied around fruit trees. Traditionally, fuel is stolen for the final
ceremony, when all the <i>bhelaghar</i> are burned. Their remains are then placed at the fruit trees. Special <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_%28Hinduism%29" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a></i>
is offered as a thanksgiving for good harvest. Since the festival is
celebrated in midwinter, the foods prepared for this festival are such
that they keep the body warm and give high energy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">Laddu</a> of <i>til</i> made with <i>jaggery</i> is specialty of the festival.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Maruaroa_o_Takurua.2C_.28M.C4.81ori_people.2C_New_Zealand.29">Maruaroa o Takurua, <small>(Māori people, New Zealand)</small></span></h3>
Occurring June 20 – June 22 the <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maruaroa_o_Takurua&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Maruaroa o Takurua (page does not exist)">Maruaroa o Takurua</a></i> is seen by the New Zealand <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> as the middle of the winter season. It follows directly after the rise of Matariki (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_%28star_cluster%29" title="Pleiades (star cluster)">Pleiades</a>)
which marked the beginning of the New Year and was said to be when the
Sun turned from his northern journey with his winter-bride <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takurua&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Takurua (page does not exist)">Takurua</a> (the star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>) and began his journey back to his Summer-bride Hineraumati.<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Me.C3.A1n_Geimhridh.2C_Celtic_Midwinter_.28Celtic.2C_Ancient_Welsh.2C_Neo-druidism.29">Meán Geimhridh, Celtic Midwinter <small>(Celtic, Ancient Welsh, Neo-druidism)</small></span></h3>
<i>Meán Geimhridh</i> (Irish tr: "midwinter") or <i>Grianstad an Gheimhridh</i> (Irish tr: "winter solstice') is a name sometimes used for hypothetical midwinter rituals or celebrations of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtic" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> tribes, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, and late <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druids" title="Druids">Druids</a>. In Ireland's calendars, the solstices and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> all occur at about midpoint in each season. The passage and chamber of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a> (<i>Pre-Celtic</i> or possibly <i>Proto-Celtic</i>
3,200 BC), a tomb in Ireland, are illuminated by the winter solstice
sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the
entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The
dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn from the 19th to the 23rd of
December. "The point of roughness" is the term for the winter solstice
in Wales which in ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a>, was when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhiannon" title="Rhiannon">Rhiannon</a> gave birth to the sacred son, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pryderi" title="Pryderi">Pryderi</a>. Today, among <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodruidism" title="Neodruidism">Neo-druids</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Arthan" title="Alban Arthan">Alban Arthan</a></i> (Welsh tr. "light of winter" but derived from Welsh poem, <i>Light of Arthur</i>) is celebrated on the winter solstice with a ritualistic festival, and gift giving to the needy.<br />
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"Midwinter blót" (at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Uppsala Temple</a>), by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Larsson" title="Carl Larsson">Carl Larsson</a> (1915)</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Midwinter_.28Antarctica.29">Midwinter <small>(Antarctica)</small></span></h3>
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station" title="Research station">research stations</a> throughout <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>,
Midwinter is celebrated on the Southern Hemisphere winter solstice in
June as a way to mark the fact that the people who winter-over just went
through half their tour of duty. Depending on the station the
celebrations can last from a day to a week and are typically marked by
parties, team games, redecoration of the premises and days off work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="M.C5.8Ddraniht_.28Anglo-Saxon_paganism.29">Mōdraniht <small>(Anglo-Saxon paganism)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Ddraniht" title="Mōdraniht">Mōdraniht</a></div>
<i>Mōdraniht</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> "Night of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_and_Matrones" title="Matres and Matrones">Mothers</a>" or "Mothers'-night") was an event held at Christmas Eve by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon pagans</a> where a sacrifice may have been made. The event is attested by the medieval English historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> in his 8th century Latin work <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i>. Scholars have proposed connections between the Anglo-Saxon Mōdraniht and celebrations involving the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADsir" title="Dísir">dísir</a></i>, the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idisi" title="Idisi">idisi</a></i>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_and_Matrones" title="Matres and Matrones">Matres and Matrones</a> practiced by other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Mummer.27s_Day.2C_Montol_.28Celtic.2C_Cornish_people.29">Mummer's Day, Montol <small>(Celtic, Cornish people)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummer%27s_Day" title="Mummer's Day">Mummer's Day</a></div>
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummer%27s_Day" title="Mummer's Day">Mummer's Day</a></i> referencing the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animist" title="Animist">animist</a> garbs, or <i>Darkie Day</i> referencing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> facing ritual, is an ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> midwinter celebration that occurs every year on December 26 and New Year's Day in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padstow" title="Padstow">Padstow</a>,
Cornwall. It was originally part of the pagan heritage of midwinter
celebrations that were regularly celebrated all over Cornwall where
people would <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guise_dancing" title="Guise dancing">guise dance</a> and disguise themselves by blackening up their faces or wearing masks. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a> the festival has been given the name <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montol_Festival" title="Montol Festival">Montol</a></i> believing it to be the Celtic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> word for Winter solstice.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="R"><i>R</i></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Rozhanitsa_Feast_.2812th_century_East_Slavs.2C_Russia.29">Rozhanitsa Feast <small>(12th century East Slavs, Russia)</small></span></h3>
In 12th century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the eastern <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> worshiped the winter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rozhnitsa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rozhnitsa (page does not exist)">Rozhnitsa</a>,
offering bloodless sacrifices like honey, bread and cheese. Bright
colored winter embroideries depicting the antlered goddess were made to
honor the Feast of Rozhanitsa in late December. And white, deer-shaped
cookies were given as lucky gifts. Some Russian women continued the
observation of these traditions into the 20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="S"><i>S</i></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Shab-e_Chelleh.2C_.DB.8C.D9.84.D8.AF.D8.A7_.2C_Yald.C4.81_.282nd_millennium_BC_Persian_Empire.2C_Iran.29">Shab-e Chelleh, یلدا , Yaldā <small>(2nd millennium BC Persian Empire, Iran)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalda" title="Yalda">Yalda</a></div>
Derived from a pre-Zoroastrian festival, <i>Shab-e Chelleh</i> is celebrated on the eve of the first day of winter in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_calendar" title="Persian calendar">Persian calendar</a>,
which always falls on the solstice. Yalda is the most important
non-new-year Iranian festival in modern-day Iran and it has been long
celebrated in Iran by all ethnic/religious groups. According to Iranian
mythology, Mithra was born at the end of this night after the
long-expected defeat of darkness against light. <i>Shab-e Chelleh</i> is
now an important social occasion, when family and friends get together
for fun and merriment. Usually families gather at their elders' homes.
Different kinds of dried fruits, nuts, seeds and fresh winter fruits are
consumed. The presence of dried and fresh fruits is reminiscence of the
ancient feasts to celebrate and pray to the deities to ensure the
protection of the winter crops. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelons" title="Watermelons">Watermelons</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmons" title="Persimmons">persimmons</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranates" title="Pomegranates">pomegranates</a>
are traditional symbols of this celebration, all representing the sun.
It used to be customary to stay awake Yalda night until sunrise eating,
drinking, listening to stories and poems, but this is no longer very
common as most people have things to do on the next day.<br />
During the early Roman Empire many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syrian</a> Christians fled from persecution into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> of Iran, introducing the term <i>Yaldā</i>, meaning "birth", causing <i>Shab-e Yaldā</i> to become synonymous with <i>Shab-e Chelleh</i>. Although both terms are used interchangeably, Chelleh is more commonly accepted for this occasion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Iranian.2C_History_12-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-The_Iranian.2C_History-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
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Decorated Sri Maha <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a> in Sri Lanka</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sanghamitta_Day_.28Buddhism.29">Sanghamitta Day <small>(Buddhism)</small></span></h3>
<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a></i> is in honor of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> nun who brought a branch of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> where it has flourished for over 2,000 years.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Saturnalia.2C_Chronia_.28Ancient_Greek.2C_Roman_Republic.29">Saturnalia, Chronia <small>(Ancient Greek, Roman Republic)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a></div>
Originally celebrated by the ancient Greeks as <i>Kronia</i>, the festival of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, (Cronos or Kronos being the Greek god and son of earth mother, Gaia and Saturn being his Roman equivalent) <i>Saturnalia</i> was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">feast</a> at which the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Romans</a> commemorated the dedication of the temple of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_%28mythology%29" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>,
which originally took place on December 17, but expanded to a whole
week, up to December 23. The Romans used a 12 times 30 or 360-day
calendar with Saturnalia taking place as a supplemental five days that
were "outside of time and therefore appropriate for more licentious
behavior, such as excesses in eating and sexual exploits. A large and
important public festival in Rome, it involved the conventional
sacrifices, a couch set in front of the temple of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_%28mythology%29" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a> and the untying of the ropes that bound the statue of Saturn during the rest of the year.<br />
Besides the public <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite" title="Rite">rites</a>
there were a series of holidays and customs celebrated privately. The
celebrations included a school holiday, the making and giving of small
presents (<i>saturnalia et sigillaricia</i>) and a special market (<i>sigillaria</i>). Gambling was allowed for all, even slaves during this period. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> was not worn, but rather the <i>synthesis</i>, i.e., colorful, informal "dinner clothes" and the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_%28hat%29" title="Pileus (hat)">pileus</a></i>
(freedman's hat) was worn by everyone. Slaves were exempt from
punishment, and treated their masters with disrespect. The slaves
celebrated a banquet before, with, or served by the masters. Saturnalia
became one of the most popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Roman festivals</a>
which led to more tomfoolery, marked chiefly by having masters and
slaves ostensibly switch places, temporarily reversing the social order.
In Greek and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriot</a> folklore it was believed that children born during the festival were in danger of turning into <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikantzaroi" title="Kallikantzaroi">Kallikantzaroi</a> which come out of the Earth after the solstice to cause trouble for mortals. Some would leave <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colander" title="Colander">colanders</a> on their doorsteps to distract them until the sun returned.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id=".C5.9Eewy_Yelda_.28Kurdish.29">Şewy Yelda <small>(Kurdish)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeva_Zistan%C3%AA" title="Şeva Zistanê">Şeva Zistanê</a></div>
The <i>Night of Winter</i>. Since the night is the longest in the
year, ancient tribes believed that it was the night before a victory of
light over darkness and signified a rebirth of the sun. The sun plays an
important role in several ancient religions still practiced by some <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> in addition to its importance in Zoroastrianism.<br />
In modern times, communities in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>
region still observe the night as a holiday. Many families prepare
large feasts for their communities and the children play games and are
given sweets in similar fashion to modern-day Halloween practices.<br />
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Mosaic of Sol (the Sun) in Mausoleum M in the pre-4th-century necropolis <a class="external text" href="http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Necropolis/Scavi.htm" rel="nofollow">under</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>. Some have interpreted it as representing Christ.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sol_Invictus_Festival_.283rd_century_Roman_Empire.29">Sol Invictus Festival <small>(3rd century Roman Empire)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></div>
<i>Sol Invictus</i> ("the undefeated Sun") or, more fully, <i>Deus Sol Invictus</i> ("the undefeated sun god") was a religious title that allowed several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar deities</a>, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_%28god%29" title="El (god)">Elah-Gabal</a>, a Syrian sun god; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_%28mythology%29" title="Sol (mythology)">Sol</a>, the god of Emperor Aurelian; and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras" title="Mithras">Mithras</a>, a soldiers' god of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> origin, to be worshipped collectively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CathMithra_28-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-CathMithra-28">[28]</a></sup> Emperor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> (218–222) introduced the <i>festival of the birth of the Unconquered Sun</i> (or <i>Dies Natalis Solis Invicti</i>) to be celebrated on December 25, and it reached the height of its popularity under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>, who promoted it as an empire-wide holiday.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> With the growing popularity of the Christianity, Jesus of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> came to be given much of the recognition previously given to a sun god, thereby including Christ in the tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Soyal_.28Zuni_people_and_Hopi_people_of_North_America.29">Soyal <small>(Zuni people and Hopi people of North America)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyal" title="Soyal">Soyal</a></div>
<i>Soyalangwul</i> is the winter solstice ceremony of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> and the Hopitu Shinumu, also known as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>.
It is held on December 21, the shortest day of the year. The main
purpose of the ritual is to ceremonially bring the sun back from its
long winter slumber. It also marks the beginning of another cycle of the
Wheel of the Year, and is a time for purification. <i>Pahos</i> (prayer
sticks) are made prior to the Soyal ceremony, to bless all the
community, including their homes, animals, and plants. The <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivas" title="Kivas">kivas</a></i> (sacred underground ritual chambers) are ritually opened to mark the beginning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachina" title="Kachina">Kachina</a> season.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="W"><i>W</i></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="We_Tripantu_.28Mapuche_in_southern_Chile.29">We Tripantu <small>(Mapuche in southern Chile)</small></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a></div>
<i>We Tripantu</i> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapudungun" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> tr: new sunrise) is the conclusion of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> New Year that takes place between June 21 and June 24 in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> It is the Mapuche's equivalent to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a>.
The ancestral incertidubre stayed up throughout the year's longest
night with anxiety that the next day would not come. After three days it
became clear that the winter was diminishing. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> tr: Mother Earth), Nuke Mapu (<i>uke' Mapu</i>) begins to bloom fertilized by <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sol" title="wikt:sol">Sol</a>, from the Andean heights to the southern tip. Antu (Pillan), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a>), or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Rapa</a> (<i>rapanui</i>)
Sol, the sun starts to come back to earth, after the longest night of
the year: it's winter Solstice. Todo start to bloom again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Y"><i>Y</i></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Yule_.28Finnic_and_Germanic_peoples.29">Yule <small>(Finnic and Germanic peoples)</small></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></div>
<i>Yule</i> or <i>Yuletide</i> ("Yule-time") is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" title="List of winter festivals">winter festival</a> that was initially celebrated by the Northern European people as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a>
religious festival, though it was later absorbed into, and equated
with, the Christian festival of Christmas. The festival was originally
celebrated from late December to early January on a date determined by
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_calendar" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a>. The festival was placed on December 25 when the Christian calendar (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>) was adopted. Scholars have connected the celebration to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a>.<br />
Terms with an etymological equivalent to <i>Yule</i> are used in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> for the Christian Christmas (with its religious <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rites" title="Rites">rites</a>), but also for other holidays of the season. <i>Yule</i> is also used to a lesser extent in English-speaking countries to refer to Christmas. Customs such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Yule boar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Yule singing</a>, and others stem from Yule. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_Neopaganism" title="Germanic Neopaganism">Germanic Neopaganism</a> has adopted the pre-Christian festival, as have some other non-Christian religions, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Z"><i>Z</i></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Zagmuk.2C_Sacaea_.28Ancient_Mesopotamia.2C_Sumeria.2C_Babylonia.29">Zagmuk, Sacaea <small>(Ancient Mesopotamia, Sumeria, Babylonia)</small></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagmuk" title="Zagmuk">Zagmuk</a></div>
Adapting the Egyptian Osiris celebrations, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonians" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a> held the annual renewal or new year celebration, the <i>Zagmuk</i> Festival. It lasted 10 days, overlapping either the winter solstice or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal_equinox" title="Vernal equinox">vernal equinox</a> in its center peak. It was a festival held in observation of the sun god <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>'s battle over darkness. The Babylonians held both land and river parades. <i>Sacaea</i>, as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a>
referred to it, had festivals characterized with a subversion of order
leading up to the new year. Masters and slaves interchanged, a mock king
was crowned and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerades</a> clogged the streets. This has been a suggested precursor to the Festival of Kronos, Saturnalia and possibly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Ziemassv.C4.93tki_.28Latvia.2C_Baltic_states.2C_Romuva.29">Ziemassvētki (Latvia, Baltic states, Romuva)</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki">Ziemassvētki</a></div>
In ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki">Ziemassvētki</a></i>, meaning <i>winter festival</i>, was celebrated on December 21 as one of the two most important holidays, the other being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Jāņi">Jāņi</a>. Ziemassvētki celebrated the birth of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievs" title="Dievs">Dievs</a>, the highest god of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian mythology</a>. The two weeks before Ziemassvetki are called <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ve%C4%BCu_laiks&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Veļu laiks (page does not exist)">Veļu laiks</a>, the "season of ghosts."<br />
During the festival, candles were lit for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievs_%28Latvian_god%29" title="Dievs (Latvian god)">Dieviņš</a>
and a fire kept burning until the end, when its extinguishing signaled
an end to the unhappiness of the previous year. During the ensuing
feast, a space at the table was reserved for Ghosts, who was said to
arrive on a sleigh. During the feast, certain foods were always eaten:
bread, beans, peas, pork and pig snout and feet. Carolers (<i>Budeļi</i>) went door to door singing songs and eating from many different houses. The holiday was later adapted by Christians in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ages" title="Middle ages">middle ages</a>.
It is now celebrated on the December 24, 25 and 26 and largely
recognized as both a Christian and secular cultural observance. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuva_%28religion%29" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a> religion continue to celebrate a variant of the original <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> holiday.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b> </b></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b> </b></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b>The Mayan calender according to Wikipedia.</b></h2>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span dir="auto">Maya calendar</span></h1>
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<th class="" style="background: #50C578; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span style="color: white;">Maya civilization</span></a></th>
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<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><b class="selflink">Calendar</b></li>
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<th class="" style="padding: 0.1em;">History</th>
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<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></td>
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<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></td>
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<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a></td>
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<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a></td>
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<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Spanish conquest of Petén</a></td>
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The <b>Maya calendar</b> is a system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendars</a> used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, and in many modern communities in highland <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> and in Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><br />
The essentials of the Maya calendar are based upon a system which had
been in common use throughout the region, dating back to at least the
5th century BCE. It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other
earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>, and contemporary or later ones such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec calendars</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Although the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican calendar</a> did not originate with the Maya, their subsequent extensions and refinements of it were the most sophisticated.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Along with those of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, the Maya calendars are the best-documented and most completely understood.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
By the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya mythological</a>
tradition, as documented in Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed
from Late Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a> is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of the calendar system to the ancestral Maya, along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing</a> in general and other foundational aspects of Maya culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Maya_concepts_of_time"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Maya concepts of time</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Tzolk.27in"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Tzolk'in</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Origin_of_the_Tzolk.27in"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the Tzolk'in</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Haab.27"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Haab'</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Calendar_Round"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Calendar Round</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Year_Bearer"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Year Bearer</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Long_Count"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Long Count</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Supplementary_Series"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Supplementary Series</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Lords_of_the_Night"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lords of the Night</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Lunar_Series"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lunar Series</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Moon_age"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Moon age</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Lunation_number_and_lunar_deity"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lunation number and lunar deity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Lunation_length"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Lunation length</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Short Count</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Venus_cycle"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Venus cycle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h2>
The Maya calendar consists of several cycles or <i>counts</i> of different lengths. The 260-day count is known to scholars as the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolkin</a></i>, or <i>Tzolk'in</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Academia_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-Academia-5">[5]</a></sup> The Tzolkin was combined with a 365-day vague solar year known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haab%27" title="Haab'">Haab'</a> to form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haab%27" title="Haab'">Haab'</a>, called the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_Round" title="Calendar Round">Calendar Round</a></i>. Smaller cycles of 13 days, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trecena" title="Trecena">trecena</a></i>, and 20 days, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veintena" title="Veintena">veintena</a></i>, were important components of both cycles. The Calendar Round is still in use by many groups in the Guatemalan highlands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><br />
A different calendar was used to track longer periods of time, and for the inscription of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_date" title="Calendar date">calendar dates</a> (i.e., identifying when one event occurred in relation to others). This is the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></i>. It is a count of days since a mythological starting-point.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
According to the correlation between the Long Count and Western
calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as
the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson, or GMT, correlation), this starting-point
is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BCE in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a> or 6 September in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>
(−3113 astronomical). The GMT correlation was chosen by John Eric
Sydney Thompson in 1935 on the basis of earlier correlations by Joseph
Goodman in 1905 (August 11), Juan Martínez Hernández in 1926 (August
12), and Thompson himself in 1927 (August 13).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
By its linear nature, the Long Count was capable of being extended to
refer to any date far into the past or future. This calendar involved
the use of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional notation</a> system, in which each position signified an increasing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_%28mathematics%29" title="Multiple (mathematics)">multiple</a> of the number of days. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Maya numeral system</a> was essentially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> (i.e., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">base</a>-20),
and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the unit of the
position which preceded it. An important exception was made for the
second-order place value, which instead represented 18 × 20, or 360
days, more closely approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400
days. It should be noted however that the cycles of the Long Count are
independent of the solar year.<br />
Many Maya Long Count inscriptions contain a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Supplementary_Series" title="Maya calendar">supplementary series</a>, which provides information on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar phase</a>, number of the current <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunation" title="Lunation">lunation</a> in a series of six and which of the nine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_the_Night" title="Lords of the Night">Lords of the Night</a> rules.<br />
A 584-day Venus cycle was also maintained, which tracked the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal risings</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> as the morning and evening stars. Many events in this cycle were seen as being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologically</a> inauspicious and baleful, and occasionally warfare was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electional_astrology" title="Electional astrology">astrologically timed</a> to coincide with stages in this cycle.<br />
Less-prevalent or poorly understood cycles, combinations and calendar progressions were also tracked. An <i>819-day Count</i> is attested in a few inscriptions. Repeating sets of 9 days (see below "Nine lords of the night")<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> associated with different groups of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">deities</a>, animals, and other significant concepts are also known.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Maya_concepts_of_time">Maya concepts of time</span></h2>
With the development of the place-notational Long Count calendar
(believed to have been inherited from other Mesoamerican cultures), the
Maya had an elegant system with which events could be recorded in a
linear relationship to one another, and also with respect to the
calendar ("linear time") itself. In theory, this system could readily be
extended to delineate any length of time desired, by simply adding to
the number of higher-order place markers used (and thereby generating an
ever-increasing sequence of day-multiples, each day in the sequence
uniquely identified by its Long Count number). In practice, most Maya
Long Count inscriptions confine themselves to noting only the first five
coefficients in this system (a <i>b'ak'tun</i>-count), since this was more than adequate to express any historical or current date (20 <i>b'ak'tuns</i>
cover 7,885 solar years). Even so, example inscriptions exist which
noted or implied lengthier sequences, indicating that the Maya well
understood a linear (past-present-future) conception of time.<br />
However, and in common with other Mesoamerican societies, the
repetition of the various calendric cycles, the natural cycles of
observable phenomena, and the recurrence and renewal of death-rebirth
imagery in their mythological traditions were important influences upon
Maya societies. This conceptual view, in which the "cyclical nature" of
time is highlighted, was a pre-eminent one, and many rituals were
concerned with the completion and re-occurrences of various cycles. As
the particular calendric configurations were once again repeated, so too
were the "supernatural" influences with which they were associated.
Thus it was held that particular calendar configurations had a specific
"character" to them, which would influence events on days exhibiting
that configuration. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divinations</a> could then be made from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">auguries</a>
associated with a certain configuration, since events taking place on
some future date would be subject to the same influences as its
corresponding previous cycle dates. Events and ceremonies would be timed
to coincide with auspicious dates, and avoid inauspicious ones.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
The completion of significant calendar cycles ("period endings"), such as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katun_%28Maya_calendar%29" title="Katun (Maya calendar)"><i>k'atun</i>-cycle</a>,
were often marked by the erection and dedication of specific monuments
(mostly stela inscriptions, but sometimes twin-pyramid complexes such as
those in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaxha" title="Yaxha">Yaxha</a>), commemorating the completion, accompanied by dedicatory ceremonies.<br />
A cyclical interpretation is also noted in Maya creation accounts, in
which the present world and the humans in it were preceded by other
worlds (one to five others, depending on the tradition) which were
fashioned in various forms by the gods, but subsequently destroyed. The
present world also had a tenuous existence, requiring the supplication
and offerings of periodic sacrifice to maintain the balance of
continuing existence. Similar themes are found in the creation accounts
of other Mesoamerican societies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Tzolk.27in">Tzolk'in</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></div>
The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">tzolk'in</a></i> (in modern Maya <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>; also commonly written <i>tzolkin</i>) is the name commonly employed by Mayanist researchers for the Maya Sacred Round or 260-day calendar. The word <i>tzolk'in</i> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> coined in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a>,
to mean "count of days" (Coe 1992). The various names of this calendar
as used by precolumbian Maya peoples are still debated by scholars. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> calendar equivalent was called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalpohualli" title="Tonalpohualli">Tonalpohualli</a></i>, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl language</a>.<br />
The tzolk'in calendar combines twenty day names with the thirteen numbers of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trecena" title="Trecena">trecena</a></i>
cycle to produce 260 unique days. It is used to determine the time of
religious and ceremonial events and for divination. Each successive day
is numbered from 1 up to 13 and then starting again at 1. Separately
from this, every day is given a name in sequence from a list of 20 day
names:<br />
<table class="wikitable" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0 auto;">
<caption>Tzolk'in calendar: named days and associated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a></caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Seq.<br />
Num. <sup>1</sup></th>
<th>Day<br />
Name <sup>2</sup></th>
<th>Glyph<br />
example <sup>3</sup></th>
<th>16th C.<br />
Yucatec <sup>4</sup></th>
<th>reconstructed<br />
Classic Maya <sup>5</sup></th>
<td rowspan="11" style="border: none;" width="1"><br /></td>
<th>Seq.<br />
Num. <sup>1</sup></th>
<th>Day<br />
Name <sup>2</sup></th>
<th>Glyph<br />
example <sup>3</sup></th>
<th>16th C.<br />
Yucatec <sup>4</sup></th>
<th>reconstructed<br />
Classic Maya <sup>5</sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>01</th>
<td><b>Imix'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D01-Imix.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D01-Imix.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MAYA-g-log-cal-D01-Imix.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D01-Imix.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Imix</td>
<td>Imix (?) / Ha' (?)</td>
<th>11</th>
<td><b>Chuwen</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D11-Chuwen.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D11-Chuwen.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MAYA-g-log-cal-D11-Chuwen.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D11-Chuwen.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Chuen</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>02</th>
<td><b>Ik'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D02-Ik.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D02-Ik.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/MAYA-g-log-cal-D02-Ik.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D02-Ik.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Ik</td>
<td>Ik'</td>
<th>12</th>
<td><b>Eb'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D12-Eb.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D12-Eb.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MAYA-g-log-cal-D12-Eb.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D12-Eb.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Eb</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>03</th>
<td><b>Ak'b'al</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D03-Akbal.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D03-Akbal.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MAYA-g-log-cal-D03-Akbal.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D03-Akbal.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Akbal</td>
<td>Ak'b'al (?)</td>
<th>13</th>
<td><b>B'en</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D13-Ben.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D13-Ben.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/MAYA-g-log-cal-D13-Ben.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D13-Ben.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Ben</td>
<td>C'klab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>04</th>
<td><b>K'an</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D04-Kan.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D04-Kan.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MAYA-g-log-cal-D04-Kan.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D04-Kan.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Kan</td>
<td>K'an (?)</td>
<th>14</th>
<td><b>Ix</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D14-Ix.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D14-Ix.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MAYA-g-log-cal-D14-Ix.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D14-Ix.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Ix</td>
<td>Hix (?)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>05</th>
<td><b>Chikchan</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D05-Chikchan.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D05-Chikchan.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/MAYA-g-log-cal-D05-Chikchan.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D05-Chikchan.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Chicchan</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
<th>15</th>
<td><b>Men</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D15-Men.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D15-Men.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MAYA-g-log-cal-D15-Men.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D15-Men.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Men</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>06</th>
<td><b>Kimi</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D06-Kimi.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D06-Kimi.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MAYA-g-log-cal-D06-Kimi.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D06-Kimi.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Cimi</td>
<td>Cham (?)</td>
<th>16</th>
<td><b>K'ib'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D16-Kib.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D16-Kib.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MAYA-g-log-cal-D16-Kib.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D16-Kib.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Cib</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>07</th>
<td><b>Manik'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D07-Manik.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D07-Manik.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MAYA-g-log-cal-D07-Manik.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D07-Manik.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Manik</td>
<td>Manich' (?)</td>
<th>17</th>
<td><b>Kab'an</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D17-Kaban.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D17-Kaban.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/MAYA-g-log-cal-D17-Kaban.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D17-Kaban.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Caban</td>
<td>Chab' (?)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>08</th>
<td><b>Lamat</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D08-Lamat.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D08-Lamat.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MAYA-g-log-cal-D08-Lamat.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D08-Lamat.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Lamat</td>
<td>Ek' (?)</td>
<th>18</th>
<td><b>Etz'nab'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D18-Etznab.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D18-Etznab.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MAYA-g-log-cal-D18-Etznab.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D18-Etznab.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Etznab</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>09</th>
<td><b>Muluk</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D09-Muluk.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D09-Muluk.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MAYA-g-log-cal-D09-Muluk.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D09-Muluk.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Muluc</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
<th>19</th>
<td><b>Kawak</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D19-Kawak.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D19-Kawak.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MAYA-g-log-cal-D19-Kawak.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D19-Kawak.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Cauac</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>10</th>
<td><b>Ok</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Oc</td>
<td>(unknown)</td>
<th>20</th>
<td><b>Ajaw</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAYA-g-log-cal-D20-Ajaw.png"><img alt="MAYA-g-log-cal-D20-Ajaw.png" height="47" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MAYA-g-log-cal-D20-Ajaw.png/50px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D20-Ajaw.png" width="50" /></a></td>
<td>Ahau</td>
<td>Ajaw</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11"><i><b>NOTES:</b></i>
<br />
<ol>
<li>The sequence number of the named day in the Tzolk'in calendar</li>
<li>Day name, in the standardized and revised orthography of the Guatemalan Academia de Lenguas Mayas<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Academia_5-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-Academia-5">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>An example glyph (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logogram</a>)
for the named day. Note that for most of these several different forms
are recorded; the ones shown here are typical of carved monumental
inscriptions (these are "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a>" versions)</li>
<li>Day name, as recorded from 16th century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yukatek Maya</a> accounts, principally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a>; this orthography has (until recently) been widely used</li>
<li>In most cases, the actual day name as spoken in the time of the
Classic Period (ca. 200–900) when most inscriptions were made is not
known. The versions given here (in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic Maya</a>,
the main language of the inscriptions) are reconstructed on the basis
of phonological evidence, if available; a '?' symbol indicates the
reconstruction is tentative.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Some systems started the count with 1 Imix', followed by 2 Ik', 3 Ak'b'al, etc. up to 13 B'en. The <i>trecena</i>
day numbers then start again at 1 while the named-day sequence
continues onwards, so the next days in the sequence are 1 Ix, 2 Men, 3
K'ib', 4 Kab'an, 5 Etz'nab', 6 Kawak, and 7 Ajaw. With all twenty named
days used, these now began to repeat the cycle while the number sequence
continues, so the next day after 7 Ajaw is 8 Imix'. The repetition of
these interlocking 13- and 20-day cycles therefore takes 260 days to
complete (that is, for every possible combination of number/named day to
occur once).<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_the_Tzolk.27in">Origin of the Tzolk'in</span></h3>
The exact origin of the Tzolk'in is not known, but there are several theories.<br />
<ul>
<li>One theory is that the calendar came from mathematical operations
based on the numbers thirteen and twenty, which were important numbers
to the Maya.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The numbers multiplied together equal 260.</li>
<li>Another theory is that the 260-day period came from the length of human <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">pregnancy</a>. This is close to the average number of days between the <i>first missed</i> menstrual period and birth, unlike <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naegele%27s_rule" title="Naegele's rule">Naegele's rule</a> which is 40 weeks (280 days) between the <i>last</i> menstrual period and birth. It is postulated that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwives</a> originally developed the calendar to predict babies' expected birth dates. The deity <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ix_Chel" title="Ix Chel">Ix Chel</a> is thus of particular interest due to her mythic relation to the calendar.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>A third theory comes from understanding of astronomy, geography and
archaeology. The mesoamerican calendar probably originated with the
Olmecs, and a settlement existed at Izapa, in southeast Chiapas Mexico,
before 1200 BC. There, at a latitude of about 15<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_%28angle%29" title="Degree (angle)">°</a> N, the Sun passes through zenith twice a year, and there are 260 days between zenithal passages. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomons</a> (used generally for observing the path of the Sun and in particular zenithal passages) were found at this and other sites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
<li>A fourth theory is that the calendar is based on agriculture. From planting to harvest is approximately 260 days.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Haab.27">Haab'</span></h2>
<table align="right" class="wikitable" style="background: transparent; border: none; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0;">
<caption><b>Haab' months</b>: names and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">glyphs</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> in sequence</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Seq.<br />
Num.</th>
<th>Yucatec<br />
name</th>
<th>Hieroglyph</th>
<th>Meaning of glyph<br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></th>
<td rowspan="10" style="border: none;" width="1"><br /></td>
<th>Seq.<br />
Num.</th>
<th>Yucatec<br />
name</th>
<th>Hieroglyph</th>
<th>Meaning of glyph</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>1</th>
<td><b>Pop</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Pop.jpg" title="Pop"><img alt="Pop" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Maya-Pop.jpg/36px-Maya-Pop.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<th>10</th>
<td><b>Yax</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Yax.jpg" title="Yax"><img alt="Yax" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Maya-Dresden-Yax.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-Yax.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td>green<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CoeVanstone43_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-CoeVanstone43-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2</th>
<td><b>Wo'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-wo.jpg" title="Wo"><img alt="Wo" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maya-Dresden-wo.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-wo.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<th>11</th>
<td><b>Sak'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Sak.jpg" title="Sak"><img alt="Sak" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Maya-Dresden-Sak.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-Sak.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td>white <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CoeVanstone43_17-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-CoeVanstone43-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>3</th>
<td><b>Sip</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-sip.jpg" title="Sip"><img alt="Sip" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Maya-Dresden-sip.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-sip.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<th>12</th>
<td><b>Keh</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Keh.jpg" title="Keh"><img alt="Keh" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maya-Dresden-Keh.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-Keh.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td>red <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CoeVanstone43_17-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-CoeVanstone43-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>4</th>
<td><b>Sotz'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sotz.jpg" title="Sotz'"><img alt="Sotz'" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sotz.jpg/40px-Sotz.jpg" width="40" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<th>13</th>
<td><b>Mak</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Mak.png" title="Mak"><img alt="Mak" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maya-Dresden-Mak.png/36px-Maya-Dresden-Mak.png" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>5</th>
<td><b>Sek</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Sek.jpg" title="Sek"><img alt="Sek" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Maya-Dresden-Sek.jpg/43px-Maya-Dresden-Sek.jpg" width="43" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<th>14</th>
<td><b>K'ank'in</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Kankin.png" title="K'ank'in"><img alt="K'ank'in" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Maya-Dresden-Kankin.png/36px-Maya-Dresden-Kankin.png" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>6</th>
<td><b>Xul</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xul.png" title="Xul"><img alt="Xul" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Xul.png/38px-Xul.png" width="38" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<th>15</th>
<td><b>Muwan'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muan.jpg" title="Muan"><img alt="Muan" height="41" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Muan.jpg/40px-Muan.jpg" width="40" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>7</th>
<td><b>Yaxk'in'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Yaxkin.jpg" title="Yaxk'in"><img alt="Yaxk'in" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Maya-Dresden-Yaxkin.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-Yaxkin.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<th>16</th>
<td><b>Pax</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-pax.jpg" title="Pax"><img alt="Pax" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Maya-Dresden-pax.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-pax.jpg" width="36" /></a> |</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>8</th>
<td><b>Mol</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Mol.png" title="Mol"><img alt="Mol" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maya-Mol.png/36px-Maya-Mol.png" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<th>17</th>
<td><b>K'ayab</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Kayab.png" title="K'ayab"><img alt="K'ayab" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Maya-Dresden-Kayab.png/36px-Maya-Dresden-Kayab.png" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>9</th>
<td><b>Ch'en</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-Chen.jpg" title="Ch'en"><img alt="Ch'en" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Maya-Dresden-Chen.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-Chen.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td>black<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CoeVanstone43_17-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-CoeVanstone43-17">[17]</a></sup></td>
<th>18</th>
<td><b>Kumk'u</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-kumku.jpg" title="Kumk'u"><img alt="Kumk'u" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maya-Dresden-kumku.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-kumku.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="border: none;"><br /></td>
<th>19</th>
<td><b>Wayeb'</b></td>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya-Dresden-wayeb.jpg" title="Wayeb"><img alt="Wayeb" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Maya-Dresden-wayeb.jpg/36px-Maya-Dresden-wayeb.jpg" width="36" /></a></td>
<td>five unlucky days</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haab%27" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></div>
The Haab' was the Maya solar calendar made up of eighteen months of
twenty days each plus a period of five days ("nameless days") at the end
of the year known as <i>Wayeb'</i> (or <i>Uayeb</i> in 16th C.
orthography). The five days of Wayeb', were thought to be a dangerous
time. Foster (2002) writes, "During Wayeb, portals between the mortal
realm and the Underworld dissolved. No boundaries prevented the
ill-intending deities from causing disasters." To ward off these evil
spirits, the Maya had customs and rituals they practiced during Wayeb'.
For example, people avoided leaving their houses and washing or combing
their hair. Bricker (1982) estimates that the Haab' was first used
around 550 BC with a starting point of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><br />
The Haab' month names are known today by their corresponding names in colonial-era <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yukatek Maya</a>, as transcribed by 16th century sources (in particular, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a> and books such as the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a></i> of Chumayel). Phonemic analyses of Haab' glyph names in pre-Columbian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya inscriptions</a>
have demonstrated that the names for these twenty-day periods varied
considerably from region to region and from period to period, reflecting
differences in the base language(s) and usage in the Classic and
Postclassic eras predating their recording by Spanish sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><br />
Each day in the Haab' calendar was identified by a day number in the
month followed by the name of the month. Day numbers began with a glyph
translated as the "seating of" a named month, which is usually regarded
as day 0 of that month, although a minority treat it as day 20 of the
month preceding the named month. In the latter case, the seating of Pop
is day 5 of Wayeb'. For the majority, the first day of the year was 0
Pop (the seating of Pop). This was followed by 1 Pop, 2 Pop as far as 19
Pop then 0 Wo, 1 Wo and so on.<br />
As a calendar for keeping track of the seasons, the Haab' was a bit
inaccurate, since it treated the year as having exactly 365 days, and
ignored the extra quarter day (approximately) in the actual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>.
This meant that the seasons moved with respect to the calendar year by a
quarter day each year, so that the calendar months named after
particular seasons no longer corresponded to these seasons after a few
centuries. The Haab' is equivalent to the wandering 365-day year of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Calendar_Round">Calendar Round</span></h2>
A Calendar Round date is a date that gives both the Tzolk'in and
Haab'. This date will repeat after 52 Haab' years or 18,980 days, a
Calendar Round. For example, the current creation started on 4 Ahau 8
Kumk'u. When this date recurs it is known as a Calendar Round
completion.<br />
Arithmetically, the duration of the Calendar Round can be explained in various ways. One way is to consider that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_common_multiple" title="Least common multiple">least common multiple</a> of 260 and 365 is 18980 (73 X 260 Tzolk’in days equalling 52 X 365 Haab’ days).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><br />
Not every possible combination of Tzolk'in and Haab' can occur. For
Tzolk'in days Imix, Kimi, Chwen and Kib', the Haab' day can only be 4,
9, 14 or 19; for Ik', Manik', Eb' and Kab'an, the Haab' day can only be
0, 5, 10 or 15; for Akb'al', Lamat, B'en and Etz'nab', the Haab' day can
only be 1, 6, 11 or 16; for K'an, Muluk, Ix and Kawak, the Haab' day
can only be 2, 7, 12 or 17; and for Chikchan, Ok, Men and Ajaw, the
Haab' day can only be 3, 8, 13 or 18.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Year_Bearer">Year Bearer</span></h3>
A "Year Bearer" is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a> day name that occurs on the first day of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haab%27" title="Haab'">Haab'</a>. If the first day of the Haab' is 0 Pop, then each 0 Pop will coincide with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a> date, for example, 1 Ik' 0 Pop. Since there are twenty <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a> day names and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haab%27" title="Haab'">Haab'</a> year has 365 days (20*18 + 5), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a> name for each succeeding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haab%27" title="Haab'">Haab'</a> zero day will be incremented by 5 in the cycle of day names like this:<br />
1 Ik' 0 Pop<br />
2 Manik' 0 Pop<br />
3 Eb' 0 Pop<br />
4 Kab'an 0 Pop<br />
5 Ik' 0 Pop...<br />
Only these four of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a> day names can coincide with 0 Pop, and these four are called the "Year Bearers".<br />
"Year Bearer" literally translates a Mayan concept.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
Its importance resides in two facts. For one, the four years headed by
the Year Bearers are named after them and share their characteristics;
therefore, they also have their own prognostications and patron deities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
Moreover, since the Year Bearers are geographically identified with
boundary markers or mountains, they help define the local community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
The classic system of Year Bearers described above is found at Tikal and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a>.
During the Late Classic period a different set of Year Bearers was in
use in Campeche. In this system, the Year Bearers were the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a>
that coincided with 1 Pop. These were Ak'b'al, Lamat, B'en and Edz'nab.
During the Post-Classic period in Yucatán a third system was in use. In
this system the Year Bearers were the days that coincided with 2 Pop:
K'an, Muluc, Ix and Kawak. This system is found in the Chronicle of
Oxkutzcab. In addition, just before the Spanish conquest in Mayapan the
Maya began to number the days of the Haab' from 1 to 20. In this system
the Year Bearers are the same as in the 1 Pop - Campeche system. The
Classic Year Bearer system is still in use in the Guatemalan highlands<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> and in Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Miles.2C_Susanna_W_pp._273-84_25-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-Miles.2C_Susanna_W_pp._273-84-25">[25]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Long_Count">Long Count</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_side_of_stela_C,_Quirigua.PNG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="461" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/East_side_of_stela_C%2C_Quirigua.PNG/200px-East_side_of_stela_C%2C_Quirigua.PNG" width="200" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_side_of_stela_C,_Quirigua.PNG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
East side of stela C, Quirigua with the mythical creation date of 13
baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tuns, 0 uinals, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku - August 11,
3114 BCE in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Mesoamerican Long Count calendar</a></div>
Since Calendar Round dates repeat every 18,980 days, approximately 52
solar years, the cycle repeats roughly once each lifetime, so a more
refined method of dating was needed if history was to be recorded
accurately. To specify dates over periods longer than 52 years,
Mesoamericans used the Long Count calendar.<br />
The Maya name for a day was <i>k'in</i>. Twenty of these k'ins are known as a <i>winal</i> or <i>uinal</i>. Eighteen winals make one <i>tun</i>. Twenty tuns are known as a <i>k'atun</i>. Twenty k'atuns make a <i>b'ak'tun</i>.<br />
The Long Count calendar identifies a date by counting the number of
days from the Mayan creation date 4 Ahaw, 8 Kumk'u (August 11, 3114 BC
in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a> or September 6 in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>). But instead of using a base-10 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a>)
scheme like Western numbering, the Long Count days were tallied in a
modified base-20 scheme. Thus 0.0.0.1.5 is equal to 25, and 0.0.0.2.0 is
equal to 40. As the winal unit resets after only counting to 18, the
Long Count consistently uses base-20 only if the tun is considered the
primary unit of measurement, not the k'in; with the k'in and winal units
being the number of days in the tun. The Long Count 0.0.1.0.0
represents 360 days, rather than the 400 in a purely base-20 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a>) count.<br />
There are also four rarely used higher-order cycles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar#Piktuns_and_higher_orders" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">piktun</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar#Piktuns_and_higher_orders" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">kalabtun</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar#Piktuns_and_higher_orders" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">k'inchiltun</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar#Piktuns_and_higher_orders" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">alautun</a>.<br />
Since the Long Count dates are unambiguous, the Long Count was
particularly well suited to use on monuments. The monumental
inscriptions would not only include the 5 digits of the Long Count, but
would also include the two tzolk'in characters followed by the two haab'
characters.<br />
Misinterpretation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Mesoamerican Long Count calendar</a> was the basis for a popular belief that a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">cataclysm would take place on December 21, 2012</a>. December 21, 2012 was simply the day that the calendar went to the next <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">b'ak'tun</a>, at Long Count 13.0.0.0.0. The date on which the calendar will go to the next <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar#Piktuns_and_higher_orders" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">piktun</a> (a complete series of 20 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">b'ak'tuns</a>), at Long Count 1.0.0.0.0.0, will be on October 13, 4772.<br />
Sandra Noble, executive director of the Mesoamerican research organization <i><b>Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.</b></i> (<b>FAMSI</b>),
notes that "for the ancient Maya, it was a huge celebration to make it
to the end of a whole cycle". She considers the portrayal of December
2012 as a doomsday or cosmic-shift event to be "a complete fabrication
and a chance for a lot of people to cash in."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><br />
<table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;">
<caption><b>Table of Long Count units</b></caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Long Count<br />
unit</th>
<th>Long Count<br />
period</th>
<th>Days</th>
<th>Approximate<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_years#Length_of_tropical_year" title="Solar years">Solar Years</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 K'in</td>
<td></td>
<td align="right">1</td>
<td align="right"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 Winal</td>
<td>20 K'in</td>
<td align="right">20</td>
<td align="right"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 Tun</td>
<td>18 Winal</td>
<td align="right">360</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">1</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 K'atun</td>
<td>20 Tun</td>
<td align="right">7,200</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">20</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 B'ak'tun</td>
<td>20 K'atun</td>
<td align="right">144,000</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">394</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 Piktun</td>
<td>20 B'ak'tun</td>
<td align="right">2,880,000</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">7,885</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 Kalabtun</td>
<td>20 Piktun</td>
<td align="right">57,600,000</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">157,704</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 K'inchiltun</td>
<td>20 Kalabtun</td>
<td align="right">1,152,000,000</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">3,154,071</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 Alautun</td>
<td>20 K'inchiltun</td>
<td align="right">23,040,000,000</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">63,081,429</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Supplementary_Series">Supplementary Series</span></h2>
Many Classic period inscriptions include a series of glyphs known as
the Supplementary Series. The operation of this series was largely
worked out by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Teeple" title="John E. Teeple">John E. Teeple</a> (1874–1931). The Supplementary Series most commonly consists of the following elements:<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lords_of_the_Night">Lords of the Night</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_the_Night" title="Lords of the Night">Lords of the Night</a></div>
Each night was ruled by one of the nine lords of the underworld. This
nine day-cycle was usually written as two glyphs: a glyph that referred
to the Nine Lords as a group, followed by a glyph for the lord that
would rule the next night.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lunar_Series">Lunar Series</span></h3>
A lunar Series generally is written as five glyphs that provide information about the current <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunation" title="Lunation">lunation</a>, the number of the lunation in a series of six, the current ruling lunar deity and the length of the current lunation.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Moon_age">Moon age</span></h4>
The Maya counted the number of days in the current lunation. They
used two systems for the zero date of the lunar cycle: either the first
night they could see the thin crescent moon or the first morning when
they could not see the waning moon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The age of the moon was depicted by a set of glyphs that mayanists coined glyphs D and E:<br />
<ul>
<li>A new moon glyph was used for day zero in the lunar cycle.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>D glyphs were used for lunar ages for days 1 through 19, with the
number of days that had passed from the new moon accompanied by a glyph
that resembled a hand<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>For lunar ages 20 to 30, an E glyph was used, with the number of days from 20.</li>
</ul>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lunation_number_and_lunar_deity">Lunation number and lunar deity</span></h4>
The Maya counted the lunation in a cycle of six, numbered zero
through 5. Each one was ruled by one of the six Lunar Deities. This was
written as two glyphs: a glyph for the completed lunation in the lunar
count with a coefficient of 0 through 5 and a glyph for the lunar deity
that ruled the current lunation. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Teeple" title="John E. Teeple">Teeple</a>
found that Quirigua Stela E (9.17.0.0.0) is lunar deity 2 and that most
other inscriptions use this same moon number. It is an interesting date
because it was a k'atun completion and a solar eclipse was visible in
the Maya area two days later on the first unlucky day of Wayeb'.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lunation_length">Lunation length</span></h4>
The length of the lunar month is 29.53059 days so if you count the
number of days in a lunation it will be either 29 or 30 days. The maya
wrote whether the lunar month was 29 or 30 days as two glyphs: a glyph
for lunation length followed by either a glyph made up of a moon glyph
over a bundle with a suffix of 19 for a 29 day lunation or a moon glyph
with a suffix of 10 for a 30 day lunation.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Short_Count">Short Count</span></h2>
In the kingdoms of Postclassic Yucatán, the linear Long Count
notation fell into disuse and gave way to a cyclical Short Count of 13
k'atuns (or 260 tuns), in which each k'atun was named after its
concluding day, Ahau ('Lord'). 1 Imix was selected as the recurrent
'first day' of the cycle, corresponding to 1 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipactli" title="Cipactli">Cipactli</a>
in the Aztec day count. The cycle was counted from katun 11 Ahau to
katun 13 Ahau, with the coefficients of the katuns' concluding days
running in the order 11 – 9 – 7 – 5 – 3 – 1 – 12 – 10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2 –
13 Ahau (since a division of 20 × 360 days by 13 falls 2 days short).
The concluding day 13 Ahau was followed by the re-entering first day 1
Imix. This is the system as found in the colonial Books of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a>. In characteristic Mesoamerican fashion, these books project the cycle onto the landscape, with 13 <i>Ahauob</i> 'Lordships' dividing the land of Yucatán into 13 'kingdoms'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Venus_cycle">Venus cycle</span></h2>
Another important calendar for the Maya was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> cycle. The Maya kings had skilled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a> who could calculate the Venus cycle with great accuracy. There are six pages in the Postclassic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a>
devoted to the accurate calculation of the heliacal rising of Venus.
The Maya were able to achieve such accuracy by careful observation over
many years. Venus was often referred to as both "The Morning Star" and
"The Evening Star" because of its visibility during both times. This
makes Venus unique. There are various theories as to why the Venus cycle
was especially important for the Maya. Across <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>,
Venus was often depicted as "defeating" the Sun and the Moon, perhaps
because of its persistent visibility after transitions from
day-into-night (and vice-versa). Most scholars agree that Venus was
associated with war and that the Maya used it to divine good times
(called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electional_astrology" title="Electional astrology">electional astrology</a>) for their coronations and wars. Maya rulers planned for wars to begin when Venus rose.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya religion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_Zapotes#Stela_C" title="Tres Zapotes">Tres Zapotes Stela C</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayanism" title="Mayanism">Mayanism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-29629474257770484622012-10-31T00:00:00.000-04:002012-12-27T21:16:21.461-05:00chrispop will have you popping and locking.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://i1.sndcdn.com/avatars-000011667713-7526jk-t200x200.jpg?8e879e6" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://i1.sndcdn.com/avatars-000011667713-7526jk-t200x200.jpg?8e879e6" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Allow me to introduce Chrispop... Now allow him to do the rest. ;)<br />
<br />
<i><b>My name is chrispop, but friends call me christian or poppy. Born and raised in a tiny village in the woods, but for the last 9
years I've been mainly living in paderborn, a mid-sized city in the
center of germany</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b><br /></b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>I've been djing for close to 15 years now. started out on 90s hiphop
& bigbeat, took a long detour playing mostly 60s & 70s
funk/soul/rocksteady/ska/beat/psych etc, and only got back into "modern"
music over the last 3-4 years, when labels like bombstrike and
goodgroove started releasing what's now known as "ghettofunk" or
"nu-funk", combining all of my musical interests (breakbeats, classic
funk samples, hiphop vocals, heavy bass etc) into one "genre", allowing
me to play music from all my "roots" on one party...
</b></i><br />
<i><b>I've always been into music (played the organ, guitar, bass...as a
kid), and did mashups/bootlegs/remixes mostly for myself to relax, but
after I switched to djing digital 2 years ago I could finally play "my"
stuff, so I focused more on tracks that I'd like to play, but that
didn't exist yet...</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Where do you draw your inspirations from? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Numerous people, but if I have to name a few it would be folks like
fatboy slim, andy smith, a.skillz, krafty kuts, bobby c. sound tv,
daigo, nick thayer, spinforth, stickybuds, slynk, the whole <a href="http://ghettofunk.co.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ghettofunk.co.uk</a> posse...
</b></i><br />
<i><b>What I really love about this "scene" is how warm, friendly, open
and accessible it is...most of the music is put out for free on platforms
like soundcloud & bandcamp, and there's a great worldwide community
supporting and working with each other. It's amazing to be a - however
little - part of something that's not driven by monetary interests, but
by the love of music and sharing it with others.
</b></i><br />
<i><b>musically I'm influenced by pretty much anything but standard 4/4
dance music and rock. as long as it sounds organic, funky and bassheavy, I'll probably like some of it, be it breaks, hiphop, reggae, glitch,
dubstep, funk, "ethnic" balkan & world music, soul, jazz...</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b><br /></b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>I'm constantly digging around for new music & artists, and all
the time palying around with remixes/bootlegs of tracks I'd like to fit
into my sets or that in my mind sound great combined. I mostly do my
stuff to play out myself, but it's awesome to see people elsewhere
digging what I do...</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b><br /></b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<i><b>I'm working on a ep with tracks fusing ghettofunk with "classic"
german hiphop vocals at the moment, also there's a few more tracks in
the pipeline. I try to come up with more original material, but coming
up with my own melodies and sounds is not easy in a genre defined by
sampling classic stuff...
</b></i><br />
<i><b>for the "scene" in general I honestly hope it doesn't blow up too
soon and become the next big thing for 5 months. Just look at how
moombahton was the thing for a few weeks an is apparently already dead
again...ghettofunk/nufunk/funky breaks/(what ever you want to call it) has been
growing really organically over the last few years and it's getting
bigger daily. It's a music that's "mainstream-accessible" without
selling out or dumbing down, and definitely the most fun i ever had in a
club:)</b></i><br />
<br />
<br />
If you would like to contact chrispop for any reason. Perhaps to commission a song or two (he is very talented). He can be reached at the links below. Don't forget to check out his video collaborations as well they are pretty good too.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/chrispopofficial" target="_blank">FACEBOOK</a> <a href="http://soundcloud.com/chrispop" target="_blank">SOUNDCLOUD</a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/R4HJuhfcTf0" width="560"></iframe>
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/mTYNyQBzf2s" width="560"></iframe>
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/v0vvw3nNyiY" width="560"></iframe>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<iframe frameborder="no" height="450" scrolling="no" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Fusers%2F561517" width="100%"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-54632020943103075442012-10-25T00:00:00.000-04:002013-01-08T16:34:14.402-05:00Don't get too close. You might catch the Dubvirus.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDKVf4_8NXWT-64wn-BWSGcCnHr4p8DqZIgI8rIS8ojfKiJN6uWcwJKEAbQcHFd388CsFXLN0RfbBlbEaWnvBw7By7x-QkhN3mRRGMiXiuQAy4FDpEu8Q1vN9ddOTw_dHll9Vju3kVbAve/s1600/Dubvirus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDKVf4_8NXWT-64wn-BWSGcCnHr4p8DqZIgI8rIS8ojfKiJN6uWcwJKEAbQcHFd388CsFXLN0RfbBlbEaWnvBw7By7x-QkhN3mRRGMiXiuQAy4FDpEu8Q1vN9ddOTw_dHll9Vju3kVbAve/s1600/Dubvirus.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Welcome Dubvirus A.K.A Sacha Csicsery-Ronay while he answers a few question about himself. Do you think Dubvirus will be another 24 hour bug, or something more substantial like warts? It's to early to make assumptions. So lets just get to know him first. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Where are you from? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>I grew up in the Midwestern United States, and I've been living in San Francisco for 4 years now. </i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
How long have you been doing what you do? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>I have been producing music in some form or another for fourteen years now, and I am constantly trying to develop and refine my skills further. Most of my technique comes from self-instruction and practice, but I have taken production and songwriting courses with Berklee School of Music as well. </i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Who or what inspires you? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Every day I am struck by the passion and talent that is going into the West Coast electronic music scene. The California festivals have been a huge inspiration for me to put my soul into creating memorable and moving musical experiences for people. I am also in constant awe and appreciation of the other producers on the circuit, the music they create is always pushing me to keep upping my game. </i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
What are you currently working on? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>I recently completed a new EP, entitled 'DNA' which will be dropping
exclusively on January 21st exclusively on Beatport, followed by a major
release on February 4th. I'm excited about this release because it will
showcase what I feel is my best work thus far, and should indicate to
the world my true style as a producer. We have a remix compilation
planned for soon after, and in the meantime I am already well underway
with more tracks that are pushing the boundaries of electronic dance
music.</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
whats next? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i> Music is my life. My plan is to simply to continue dedicating myself completely to production and performance, and to rise as high as I can doing what I love doing more than anything else. </i></b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<h4>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/dubvirusmusic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0066cc; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">Facebook</a> <a href="http://www.dubvirus.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0066cc; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">Website</a> <a href="https://soundcloud.com/dubvirusmusic" target="_blank"> Soundcloud</a></h4>
</div>
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<br />
<iframe frameborder="no" height="450" scrolling="no" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Fusers%2F1140009" width="100%"></iframe>
</div>
AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-7172620654784366872012-10-19T00:00:00.000-04:002012-11-27T08:44:48.693-05:00Oh Me, Oh My, Oh Tebins...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV_Wr81BPNxApKbYdKyMbKNHPTpOOwkXnUkNtvqsZUruN_MIuFbrdRFU6A3xR-yaoLCjyBACeVH1QlmqU3Z2OvoebdVdZMQRB7vZ5s6dIX21forsO-KBnsdmvTZtLuCYkNfusUE8gb1Yx_/s1600/OhTebins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV_Wr81BPNxApKbYdKyMbKNHPTpOOwkXnUkNtvqsZUruN_MIuFbrdRFU6A3xR-yaoLCjyBACeVH1QlmqU3Z2OvoebdVdZMQRB7vZ5s6dIX21forsO-KBnsdmvTZtLuCYkNfusUE8gb1Yx_/s400/OhTebins.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Let me tell you a little something about Kevin Speltz aka <b>Oh Tebins</b>. Originally from Seattle, Speltz has been living in Tucson for the past three years but he will be moving to Brooklyn this fall. He happens to be pretty skilled with the whole music thing and recently shared with us his musical beginnings, inspiration and future plans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">THE BEGINNING</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>I started around age 16.</b></i> <i><b>The early years were mostly trial and error. In 2009, I switched genres, and as things got a little more polished
I started to take myself seriously and worked to develop a sound that
I could identify with. </b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><br /></b></i>
<b>THE INSPIRATION</b></span><br />
<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Musically, I am inspired by catchy Big Band horns, quality Hip Hop, Soul singers, and just a splash of ethnic Jazz.
I am starting to listen to more Electronic music lately. I really like the sounds of Atlas, Dauwd, and Luvian.
In life, I am inspired by new surroundings, very late nights, and good ol' fashioned fun.</span></b></i><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><br /></b></i>
<b>THE PRESENT & THE FUTURE</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I'm currently focused on editing and adding to my live set. It's a never-ending process, and I think the effort that I have put into it thus far reads really well. I hope to
gather some bookings for early 2013 so I can share what I have built.</span></b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Oh Tebens</b> also shared a Free EP which can be found in the Soundcloud widget below. If you like what you hear, make sure to click on the links below for more of his work!</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/OH-TEBINS/335832898935" target="_blank">Facebook</a> </span><a href="http://soundcloud.com/ohtebins" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Soundcloud</a> <a href="http://www.beatport.com/artist/oh-tebins/116204" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Beatport</a> <a href="http://simplifyrecordings.com/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Simplify Recordings</a> <a href="http://highchairecordings.com/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">High Chai Recordings</a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<iframe frameborder="no" height="450" scrolling="no" src="http://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Fusers%2F106975&show_artwork=true" width="100%"></iframe></div>
AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-6251929121310530882012-09-17T00:00:00.000-04:002012-11-27T10:25:09.406-05:00Protect Yourself From the Cold With the Warm Bass of Chilli B.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRq_NrVlOr5h-ePpvj4zZHP8kbTia_TpzNejjySFhUwIGdTDpXS3YmNBKB183P2vcY6ZNv1JJ6ajzpyMWisx4DOeDe0Q6h-vrfdjmWmLHs3L-s3ttZSXfNQAPjyyLWEibN2_tXerRYIPeK/s1600/chillyB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRq_NrVlOr5h-ePpvj4zZHP8kbTia_TpzNejjySFhUwIGdTDpXS3YmNBKB183P2vcY6ZNv1JJ6ajzpyMWisx4DOeDe0Q6h-vrfdjmWmLHs3L-s3ttZSXfNQAPjyyLWEibN2_tXerRYIPeK/s400/chillyB.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here is a talented Bass music producer that I just happened to come across lately. He goes by the name of <b>Chilly B.</b> and he was kind enough to share some information with us about who his is, where he is from, and what he does. Did I mention he makes catchy tunes and gives most of them away for free?! <b>Chilly B. </b>is an all around good guy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>WHO IS CHILLY B.?</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>My name, well, its Chilly B. I am originally from a small town in
Alberta, Canada called Medicine Hat. However, I now set up shop in
Vancouver. I've been djing for, shoot, I guess eight or nine years now. But, I have only been producing music for the last four, after graduating from
audio engineering!</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>INSPIRATION OF CHILLY B. </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>I gather my inspiration from my friends, who I consider my family, and our adventures!
It's hard to choose any specific artist who inspires me most but I have an incredible respect for DJ Aplication (IGU) who if I never met, I
would maybe never would have chosen this path. Glitchy & Scratchy AKA
Bevvy Swift & El Mongoose (IGU) who adopted me into the Integrated
Grime Unit (my Fam & inspiration). Nog & Myles Away (IGU), for
being my classmates, friends, peers and my push to keep producing new
sounds. Fluxo (IGU), for all the love. Dewey Decibel (IGU) for technical
assistance and introducing me to new sounds on a regular.
</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>CURRENT CHILLY B.</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Currently, I'm working on perfecting a pan stereo slammer (I just
made up the name) called "I'm Back" which, at the moment, sounds pretty
HUGE...at least in my headphones!</i></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>FUTURE CHILLY B.</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>What's next? I couldn't say at the moment. I'm sort of stuck in the here
and now after returning from Central America. But, I see more travel,
more beats and many more great times and music to be shared. Below</i></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> is some music I would like to share with you. If any are at the max download, please message me and hopefully I can send it to you asap. Have fun and keep on keepin' on!</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></b>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To hear more from <b>Chilly B.</b>, click on his Soundcloud link below!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://soundcloud.com/chilly-1" target="_blank">Soundcloud</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><iframe frameborder="no" height="450" scrolling="no" src="http://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Fusers%2F448949&show_artwork=true" width="100%"></iframe></span><br />
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-88849303714653476912012-07-11T00:00:00.000-04:002012-11-26T23:12:23.272-05:00New and Improved Scale of the Universe!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
See where you fit in to the big picture.</span></h2>
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<a href="http://htwins.net/scale2/" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlpnibCgHyVBoMIoMQmlM-AE-BddIi2XPq8wxNxqDU1l0KVq2P9GjlBBeeN6AjFxpjMIns5UGqX3gwoNr2OLurIKTW71MHOYQHl5G1T7BqG1D2L1ln7hjSuIcsipG1vZreKv_CMsLrQLmo/s640/ScaleOfTheUniverse2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-2743639421643196862012-07-05T00:00:00.000-04:002012-11-27T08:56:16.860-05:00Let's Hope the Speakers Don't Falter When This Guy Plays!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-2eQdO-xcJEMGGFCen_R0G3_-rDLHTmlv49ZG2aqNKI2tHGggsg6I3V4ysZMQUYmN_VNwG-G8aqwp4oW4NmqT2yeyYcD43hUr-cGXuGpDtB1Zipg6MLwec1lhLhW8-1VbH56RAyO4yGA/s1600/Falter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-2eQdO-xcJEMGGFCen_R0G3_-rDLHTmlv49ZG2aqNKI2tHGggsg6I3V4ysZMQUYmN_VNwG-G8aqwp4oW4NmqT2yeyYcD43hUr-cGXuGpDtB1Zipg6MLwec1lhLhW8-1VbH56RAyO4yGA/s400/Falter.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Falter</b> aka Tj Najam is originally from West Palm Beach, Florida (my home town), but he has lived in London for most of his life.<b> </b>I recently caught up with him to hear more of his story.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>THE START OF FALTER</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>I've been producing for about four years now.</b> <b>I</b> <b>started out
producing house but I always loved Drum and Bass, so I decided to give
that a try. I was introduced to Dubstep around the same time. I ran with Dubstep for quite awhile and now I'm getting back into Deep/Funky House
quite a bit. I generally produce whatever I feel like at the time.
Maybe some Hip Hop beats or some Garage for fun. I think it's helped me a
lot to keep switching things up. You can transplant ideas you learn from
one genre's techniques into another and come out with some cool results.
Most importantly, it keeps it fresh and fun.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>MUSICAL INSPIRATION</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>It's tough to really say. </b><b>So many things shape a person's
musical taste that it's quite hard to narrow it down to just a few. I
used to love Metal when I was younger, so that probably pushed me more
towards the dark and heavy Drum and Bass and Dubstep. But I've always
liked Funk and Hip Hop as well, so that comes through in the more upbeat House stuff I write. My mate, Benson, is a sick producer and having him
around and hearing the stuff he's putting out has definitely driven me
to push myself a little bit harder too. So, big ups to Benson. He
produces under the names Buzzlin and Voyeur, with another mate, Leo.
They're putting out some serious tunes, so give them a check if you like House.</b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>PRESENT FALTER</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Right now, I'm all over the place. I am working on a few House tracks. I am also getting a few tunes together for a Drum and Bass release
and working on some Hip Hop beats for a few artists. I have been spending most of my
time mixing and emptying my wallet on new vinyl recently. Ha ha! It's a
dangerous hobby. </i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>FUTURE FALTER</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>I had my first couple of releases go out
in the past few months and they've been pretty well received which I'm
really happy about. I guess I just hope to keep pushing out tunes and
seeing where things go. I try not to get ahead of myself. I produce
because it's a lot of fun and it's one of the few things that you can do
solely for yourself. I spend so much time interacting with other people, given how easy it is to communicate these days, and it's quite
therapeutic to just lock yourself off in your room and create something.
If people end up liking the final product, then that's a bonus!</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For more on <b>Falter</b>, click on the links below. You can also check out one of his recent releases on Beatport <a href="http://www.beatport.com/release/creep/890221" target="_blank">"Falter - Creep"</a><b>. </b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://soundcloud.com/FalterMusic" target="_blank">Soundcloud</a> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/FalterDubstep" target="_blank">Facebook</a></span></b></span></b></div>
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<iframe frameborder="no" height="450" scrolling="no" src="http://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Fusers%2F1265857&show_artwork=true" width="100%"></iframe></div>
AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-15780780485951455332012-07-03T00:00:00.000-04:002012-11-27T09:04:04.263-05:00White Man Group<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>So, you've heard of Blue Man Group. Have you heard of the White Man Group? </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/FgdvaXqqj2o" width="560"></iframe></div>
AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-51236580213046934292012-06-17T00:00:00.000-04:002012-11-27T09:25:00.072-05:00Tom Curtis: Cutting Up Edibles By Day and Chopping Up Audibles By Night<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As much as I would like to take credit for the title of this post, I can't. This title was actually taken from <b>Tom Curtis</b>' Soundcloud page and it was just too good to not use! I got in touch with <b>Tom Curtis</b> and he was kind enough to tell us a few things about himself. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jNivxfYMiG-mG3Tu8V7UvuH6xi9szv9g0Qo7eECZtBUzBKfc5e6ZyRUqMvYxdcw9sArmzQfF0uJ2B_m5lo_uC5WiQduVfF1c11dwnqjkY8ip6wmEFmnT_W6Hy98VPegJZgEiEtHhU3ug/s1600/tom_Farrago_head2+copy+%282%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jNivxfYMiG-mG3Tu8V7UvuH6xi9szv9g0Qo7eECZtBUzBKfc5e6ZyRUqMvYxdcw9sArmzQfF0uJ2B_m5lo_uC5WiQduVfF1c11dwnqjkY8ip6wmEFmnT_W6Hy98VPegJZgEiEtHhU3ug/s400/tom_Farrago_head2+copy+%282%29.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>WHO IS TOM CURTIS?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>I am currently producing music under the monikers Tom Farrago and Tectac. I am from Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK., but I currently live in Torquay, South Devon, UK. I have been producing tunes for ten years. </b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>INSPIRATION </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>I'm hugely inspired by films, art and nature. Here are a few of the musical
artists I would say inspire me the most: Depth Charge, Rage Against
The Machine, Prodigy, Cinematic Orchestra, The Stranglers, People Under
The Stairs, The Moody Blues, Handsome Boy Modeling School, DJ
Shadow, Goldie, Sigur Ros, Aphex Twin, Portishead, Nirvana, Amon
Tobin, Nightmares On Wax, Groove Armada, Louis Armstrong, Gotan Project,
balam (Fred White), Mad Professor, Erik Satie, Harry J and The Allstars,
Roots Manuva, Radiohead, Edgard Varèse, DJ Spooky, Squarepusher, and The
Doors. There are loads more that I can't think of right now.</i></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>CURRENT PROJECTS</b></span><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I've just recently finished a remix of Rebecca Ferguson's latest single "<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2012/apr/10/rebecca-ferguson-glitter-gold-remix" target="_blank">Glitter and Gold</a>" for Sony RCA. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I'm also working on two EP's under both of my names.</span></i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>FUTURE PROJECTS</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Well, I'm looking to work on new remix projects for any artists that are interested.</i></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For those of you that are interested in collaborating with <b>Tom Curtis</b> aka <b>Tom Farrago</b> aka <b>Tectac, </b>he can be reached at the the links below. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">P.S. <b>Tom Curtis</b> also has a clothing line called <a href="http://www.facebook.com/FarragoFunkClothing" target="_blank">Farrago Funk Clothing</a>.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://soundcloud.com/tom-farrago" target="_blank">Soundcloud</a> </span><a href="http://facebook.com/profile.php?id=100003198824281" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Facebook</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/#!/TomFarrago" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Twitter</a></div>
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<iframe frameborder="no" height="450" scrolling="no" src="http://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Fusers%2F7801640&show_artwork=true" width="100%"></iframe></div>
AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-63292870911794141092012-06-15T00:00:00.000-04:002012-11-27T09:29:22.412-05:00Lonely Souls by Daya<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIXpeScUJxhKlwnzOSChyphenhyphenZbB6tQ7Nqi0XLpGklUmNPxEMZ-eFPilFtpplmogksdBNh2yKFeWiZgyolI8cU2cqPPBrGO-NRtwBIJ2gYLUKBe6LqcYfc-oNH0i-NOkPr-nJsx2R0lSprOjTm/s1600/Daya+Lonely+Souls.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIXpeScUJxhKlwnzOSChyphenhyphenZbB6tQ7Nqi0XLpGklUmNPxEMZ-eFPilFtpplmogksdBNh2yKFeWiZgyolI8cU2cqPPBrGO-NRtwBIJ2gYLUKBe6LqcYfc-oNH0i-NOkPr-nJsx2R0lSprOjTm/s400/Daya+Lonely+Souls.jpg" width="312" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I have had this Ambient mix by <b>Daya</b> for some time now. I really like how it was put together. It is very cinematic, as though it should be accompanied by a movie or something. I haven't heard of anything new from Daya since this mix (about a year now), so I contacted him and this is what he had to say.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Hi there. Of course you can share my DJ set. I was working in this selection and mix of the audio about one year. I don't have enough time for my dream of producing Ambient music which is why it takes so long to do. Now I just play at small parties and I'm always searching for special music. Thank you for your time and for your words. Hug from Portugal. </i></b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b><i>-Daya
</i></b></span><iframe frameborder="no" height="450" scrolling="no" src="http://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Fusers%2F200477&show_artwork=true" width="100%"></iframe></div>
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-87336847672374194812012-01-01T00:00:00.007-05:002012-11-27T09:32:09.459-05:00Happy New Year! It is 2012!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>If you are wondering where you stand in this big universe, you can check <a href="http://scaleofuniverse.com/" target="_blank">here</a>.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://scaleofuniverse.com/" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHkJxInCzk9TocF9dS5QPNODl8AXRQYHObAAWVMPc7n47Q4gsxO42gI1-eiS1dQ3pvmEvUrcVwNtJrnLH4XSWYsRZvqzt-bEYQrOb2XJb_JAf6XXc76BKhaMJSDi3A9ZNr9ZPU-D0jZHDQ/s640/Screen+Shot+2012-01-25+at+1.16.36+AM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-32760442877232702272011-12-28T00:00:00.025-05:002012-11-27T10:11:30.219-05:00ENiGMA Dubz<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsUEJKpOwXgBg8lexC2gvxeXCn7Q0IvI4HV574EMGkK7cSeeN-qO7RTv77mFuy3_kU-CB7Dsqyza12V_GqFwF8npzRrxNvW3b8kCWvt6AbeKExs-CM0ZpBeNW2V_MMSKgayiVmpvFDoEmO/s1600/Enigma+Dubz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsUEJKpOwXgBg8lexC2gvxeXCn7Q0IvI4HV574EMGkK7cSeeN-qO7RTv77mFuy3_kU-CB7Dsqyza12V_GqFwF8npzRrxNvW3b8kCWvt6AbeKExs-CM0ZpBeNW2V_MMSKgayiVmpvFDoEmO/s320/Enigma+Dubz.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>NAME</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">James Vine aka ENiGMA Dubz</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>WHERE YOU CALL HOME</b></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Birmingham, UK</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ENiGMA Dubz BEGINNINGS </b></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Production and DJ-wise, I've been on it now for around five years now. When I was doing my GCSE's, I got hold of a copy of 'Reason' and to start with it was a case of getting in from school, opening 'Reason' and then just experimenting and trying to work out what a compressor was for! The music side of things was something I was strong at as I've been playing the cello from a very young age. Over the years, I've had a load of experience playing in concerts with orchestras and playing solo Classical work. The Classical training gave me all the fundamental music knowledge and theory to be creative. So once I got hold of 'Reason', and then later Fruity Loops, it was a case of learning the program and then having fun with it. </span></b></i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>I eventually got a Mac, just over a year ago, and then I was able to make the move to Logic which really has taken my producing to the next level. No matter what happens with my producing career, I'll always have a passion for music in general and being creative.</b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>CURRENT WORK</b></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I've just finished making two EPs which will be coming out either at the end of this year or at the start of 2012. One EP is coming out on a Bristol Label called Subdepth Records which is focused more on the deeper side of Garage/Dubstep. The other EP is coming out on a label called Bassclash Records and this one is a bit heavier...well, a lot heavier.</span></b></i><br />
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<i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>I'm also working on two other big projects. One is an album which is coming from an MC in London called Drapez. We've been putting out tracks for a while now and, in 2012, there will be an album dropping called 'Drapez - My Way Out', so keep an eye and ear out for that! </b></i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The other project I've just started is a second album to follow my first one, 'ENiGMA Dubz - Variationz', but this won't be done for at least a few months and should be out there at some point during 2012.</b></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b> </b></i><i><b>Other than that, I'm still pushing out other tracks, more free downloads, experimenting with other sounds and working with other artists. Me and my girlfriend Katie McLeod are working on more tracks and there will be an EP coming out on LU10 Records featuring Katie's new track 'Brighter Day' alongside a couple of other. So, watch out for that and there will be plenty more to come from us in the near future.</b></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b></b></i><i><b>The last thing to mention is that I have just put out a mix CD to help push my music to the public. The CD, 'Sub-Mission Vol 1' will be available at most Birmingham Record shops and hopefully nationwide once I get it out there. All the tracks are produced by myself and I'll be bringing a Volume 2 out next year. If you want more info on this, head over to my Soundloud and listen to the Mix CD sample.</b></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>FUTURE WORK</b></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Well the next thing for me is to start finding ways of pushing my name further. I'm hoping to do more DJ sets next year and also do a lot more official remix work for labels/artists. </span></b></i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Once I get a chance to focus on my new album, I'll finish that and should get it out during 2012. I'm also keen to get into music for film and television so I'm going to be creating all sorts of music next year.</b></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>LAST BITS</b></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Big up to LU10 Records, DANK 'N' DIRTY DUBZ and also any other labels helping to push my music. Also shout out to Katie McLeod for writing amazing vocals, Drapez for being a next-level MC and everyone out there making great music. </span></b></i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Also I'd like to say thanks to everyone who's been supporting me, all the features on blogs, YouTube posts, comments, messages and general support is really appreciated, so thank you! </b></i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Lastly, thanks to AMINA for this feature. There's some sick stuff on this blog so keep your eye on it people!</b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Not only is <b>ENiGMA Dubz</b> talented, his music is very diverse. I look forward to hearing what he creates next. If you would like to find out more about <b>ENiGMA Dubz</b> or perhaps book him, click on the links below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://soundcloud.com/enigmadubz" target="_blank">Soundcloud</a> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ENiGMADubz" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Facebook</a> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheENIGMAdubs" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">YouTube</a> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="mailto:enigmadubz@hotmail.com" target="_blank">Bookings Contact</a></span></div>
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-38235935015479509062011-12-22T00:00:00.064-05:002012-11-27T10:23:16.983-05:00Rogue<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NAME</span></b><br />
<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Joel Hunt aka Rogue</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>HOMETOWN</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <i>Walsall, near Birmingham, UK</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>MUSICAL BEGINNINGS</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>I've been producing for a few years now, not really knowing it myself. I was just messing around on FL Studio and creating all different styles of music. I started making Dubstep specifically in summer 2010. But, since then, I have produced lots of other types of music. At the end of September 2011, after talking with a DJ known as NAZA from Middlesbrough and finding that he liked my music, he told me to get an artist name. Previously, I'd been making music as 'Joel Hunt Music'. So, I thought of the name 'Rogue' and got involved with Future Follower Records, a label which NAZA had just started up. Then I made my accounts on YouTube and other social networks.</b></i> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>CURRENT WORK</b></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Right now I'm working on a number of tracks, as always, one of them being a take on Coldplay's 'Clocks'. Another track is a House-type track with a Rogue twist called 'Tigers'. I am also working on a 100bpm remix of 'The Tribe' by Driftkong, another Future Follower Records artist.</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>FUTURE WORK</b></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Well, I'm going to continue making music and video blogs. Hopefully it will keep getting the same attention that my current stuff is getting. I'll also be trying out some other genre's like DnB/Drumstep and maybe Moombahton, and mostly just trying to get better at what I do, as I realize I have a lot of headroom. I just want to keep having fun with my music and not take it too seriously, continuing to experiment with new things and find my own sound.</span></b></i><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Following <b>Rogue's</b> progress is easy. Just click on any link below. I suggest you click on them from time to time since he is always adding new content!</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://soundcloud.com/rogueuk" target="_blank">Soudcloud</a> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/RogueUK" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Facebook</a> <a href="http://twitter.com/RogueMoosic" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Twitter</a> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TheRogueDubstep" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">YouTube</a></div>
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-88363141124901691742011-11-16T00:00:00.003-05:002012-11-27T10:43:04.932-05:00Getting to Know Notixx<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>NAMES</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>We our Ryan Sinatra & Zack Fowler aka Doodle, and together, we make up Notixx.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>HOMETOWNS</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><span style="color: cyan;">Ryan:</span> I was born and raised in Jamestown, N.Y. Most people don't know where that is. The best description I can offer is that it's near Buffalo, N.Y. But in reality, it's really about an hour and a half from there. </b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><span style="color: cyan;">Doodle:</span> Salamanca, N.Y./Jamestown, N.Y.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>MUSICAL BEGINNINGS </i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="color: cyan;">Ryan:</span> I always wanted to do something with music. I've taught myself so many instruments like the piano and the guitar. These were instruments that I knew would boost my intelligence about how music actually worked and was composed, rather than just learning to read notes off of a page. I looked forever for my niche. I was in bands in high school and it never made me feel completely satisfied. I always had to trust other people to hold up their end. Finally, I took what I knew and began to apply it to Electronic music production after becoming infatuated with the entirety of the genre. For me, this was it. It was everything I was looking for. This realization occurred only a short six months ago. </i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="color: cyan;">Doodle:</span> I've been doing music since high school but stopped to concentrate on video production. I met up with Ryan in college. One day we got together and he mentioned DJing a party and we became a duo.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><b><i>CURRENT WORK</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>We are working on, well, expanding our fanbase while growing as a group by putting out songs constantly. Merchandise is another big project that we've been undertaking. We want the fans to be able to support us.</i></b></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FUTURE WORK</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Another song, another EP, another remix, another fan. We are just trying to do anything we can to just blow places up with music, give shows that both involve the crowd and blow them away, and just have a great time doing it. We want to have fun, make music, and we want each and every one of you to be a part of it. </i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now that you know <b>Notixx</b>, do you want more? Well,here you go. Click on the links below to get your <b>Notixx</b> fix.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/notixxofficial" target="_blank">Facebook</a> </span><a href="http://twitter.com/notixx" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Twitter</a> <a href="http://www.last.fm/music/Notixx" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Last.fm</a> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/officialnotixx" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">YouTube</a> <a href="http://www.reverbnation.com/store/store/artist_1304743" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reverbnation</a></div>
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-20102664201355389312011-10-26T00:00:00.036-04:002012-11-27T11:00:06.451-05:00MACRODOT says, "This is the Bestest Ever E.P.!!!"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"This is the Bestest Ever E.P.!!!" and it is <a href="http://www.macrodotmusic.com/blog/?p=39">free!!!</a> So many good things... :)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Curious about <b>MACRODOT</b>? Read on to discover more on this artist!</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFL4_7xwc21_dcvLyiCU2JVl2YoaGVa1i1dZo9myzoIp5GOrPCbPNucJcoM-EY4-uoOoKqIPibCBzANY1ZE_6poOKxtHR2XIu9ACCYKpcUNaSwd6UFn6a550UgJXXbeITGGO6Q45s2zfz-/s1600/MACRODOT-The_Bestest_Ever_EP.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFL4_7xwc21_dcvLyiCU2JVl2YoaGVa1i1dZo9myzoIp5GOrPCbPNucJcoM-EY4-uoOoKqIPibCBzANY1ZE_6poOKxtHR2XIu9ACCYKpcUNaSwd6UFn6a550UgJXXbeITGGO6Q45s2zfz-/s400/MACRODOT-The_Bestest_Ever_EP.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Aliases:</b> <b><i>MACRODOT, Kyle From Ohio, Aliens Killed the Dinosaur</i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Real Name:</b> <b><i>Kyle Macrodot</i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Resides In:</b> <b><i>Phoenix, AZ</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Grew up in:</b> <b><i>Akron/Cleveland/Columbus, OH </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Writing Music Since:</b> <b><i>5th grade</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Writing Electronic Music Since:</b> <b><i>2000</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LIVE PA Style:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Dirty Progressive Glitchy Beats</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Producer/Remix Styles:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Ambient, Breakbeats, Glitch, Progressive, Downtempo, Deepstep, Psystep, Chillstep</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Influences:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Hybrid, Kilowatts, Amon Tobin, Trifonic, PhuturePrimitive, Stefan Anion, Burufunk, Trentemoller, Plump DJ's, Boom Jinx, Carbon Community, Elite force, Dylan Rhymes, Juno Reactor, Infected Mushroom, Adam Freeland, Rob Dougan, God Lives Under Water, Prodigy, Orbital, Gravity Kills, Stabbing Westward, Depeche Mode, Deftones, Portishead, Bjork, Radiohead, Crystal Method, BT, Nine Inch Nails, Way Out West, General MIDI, Meat Katie, Max Graham, Nick Sentience, Weirdo, Koma&Bones, Layo & Bushwacka</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Biography:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>MACRODOT writes Dirty, Progressive, Glitch music. He is an American Electronic musician and producer (AKA Kyle From Ohio). He currently resides in Mesa, Arizona producing electronic music from his home studio. His production style is mostly Deep and Progressive with broken beats, glitchy overtones, and gritty basslines. Occasionally, he veres off on tangents, composing intricate melodies on guitar or piano but always maintains the broken beat undertones. If you are lucky, you might catch him running around at concerts, glitching out audio on a laptop, or taking pictures and posting them on tumblr.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>In 2004, MACRODOT moved from Ohio to the Phoenix area. In 2005, he was nominated for "Best Local Live Performance" by AZ DanceMusic Awards. His music has been played out by DJs in numerous states and a number of countries. The respect he earns for his productions is increasing. In 2008, he released the tunes he had been playing live in a 10 track LP "The Gilded Age of Aristocrats". Since then, he has released a 13 song album entitled, "The Stand Alone Complex" as well as an 8 track EP of glitchy Deepstep entitled, "<a href="http://www.macrodotmusic.com/blog/?p=39">This is the Bestest Ever EP!!!</a>".</i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/macrodotmusic" target="_blank">Facebook</a> </span><a href="http://soundcloud.com/macrodot" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Soundcloud</a> <a href="http://mixcloud.com/macrodot" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Mixcloud</a> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/kylemacrodot" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">YouTube</a> <a href="http://www.macrodotmusic.com/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Website</a> <a href="http://store.macrodotmusic.com/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Online Store</a></div>
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-56237642002843484372011-10-08T00:00:00.042-04:002012-11-27T11:07:05.929-05:00Thom Yorke is Now Also a DJ!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">OMG this man is amazing! If you are not familiar with<b> Thom Yorke</b> or <b>Radiohead</b>, do yourself a favor and check <a href="http://www.last.fm/music/Thom+Yorke" target="_blank">him</a>/<a href="http://radiohead.com/" target="_blank">them</a> out. Thom Yorke is one talented individual and if you are familiar with his work, you will probably be just as amazed as I am to see him rock a DJ set.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://vimeo.com/21102864">Thom Yorke Live DJ Set @ Low End Theory LA 3.9.11</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/theojemison">Theo Jemison</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com/">Vimeo</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is some of his early work with <b>Radiohead</b> for anyone who is not familiar. </span><br />
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-25042563753141260082011-09-16T00:00:00.005-04:002012-11-27T11:11:50.428-05:00Tristan Shone: Taking Controlerisum to the Next Level!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-85437971132521397512011-05-16T00:00:00.001-04:002012-11-27T11:44:35.361-05:00I Like Tea!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-44512812853631984842011-05-14T12:04:00.002-04:002012-11-27T11:37:06.323-05:00Look At Me Now (Karmin Covers)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">She has got some skills!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For more of Karmin's covers, go <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/karmincovers" target="_blank">here</a>.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Look At Me Now - Chris Brown ft. Lil Wayne, Busta Rhymes (Cover by @KarminMusic)</span></b><br />
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-67588360408369452092011-04-22T00:00:00.005-04:002012-11-27T11:43:53.851-05:00Yes, YeshYo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This, is in my opinion, is a very talented up-and-comer. <b>YeshYo</b> definitely has the Pop-Step down, as well as Electro, Drum and Bass and a slew of other bass-heavy genres. He was nice enough to write a few words about himself too. This kid is going places! ;) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>My name is Matteo Di Berardino, aka YeshYo. I live in Italy, more precisely in Milan. My first approach to music was through </i></b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>a DJ console that </i></b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>my father bought me about three years ago . After that, exactly on Christmas 2009, I decided to start producing my own music. Currently, I have just finished my first, hopefully not last, official remix. Now I'm starting to work on my first EP which will be a mix of Dubstep, Electro and DnB. </i></b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Despite not having any labels, I am still very motivated. </i></b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>We'll see how it goes!</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You can link up with </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">YeshYo</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> at the following the links below.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/YESHYO/133050176729719" target="_blank">Facebook</a> </span><a href="http://www.myspace.com/yeshyo" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Myspace</a> <a href="http://soundcloud.com/yeshyo" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Soundcloud</a><br />
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AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-76261777488346722092011-04-20T00:00:00.003-04:002011-05-17T12:29:05.811-04:00Dom Mazzetti vs. Dubstep<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><iframe width="480" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/HCIBksDfxBU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5185032807034166514.post-40297615991172000912011-03-08T00:00:00.004-05:002011-03-09T20:05:03.834-05:00The Branches by Long Arm<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiggdC9zzF92_ddrhny8l20DACXwoKRHsRk5JzIBxyh5tjDRcy5JGX8kpQtsDbmha_ltIK53H7zJyJyQNZwKgnvJghQHkS_XT4c9XIn_xGVGhuTca6PAe5gUuDHEAteGqxHmUZxvvgdzA6/s1600/The+Branches+by+long+Arm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiggdC9zzF92_ddrhny8l20DACXwoKRHsRk5JzIBxyh5tjDRcy5JGX8kpQtsDbmha_ltIK53H7zJyJyQNZwKgnvJghQHkS_XT4c9XIn_xGVGhuTca6PAe5gUuDHEAteGqxHmUZxvvgdzA6/s400/The+Branches+by+long+Arm.jpg" width="350" /></a></div><object data="http://bandcamp.com/EmbeddedPlayer/album=1034115700/size=venti/bgcol=191919/linkcol=4285BB//" type="text/html" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="400" height="100"><param name="movie" value="http://bandcamp.com/EmbeddedPlayer/album=1034115700/size=venti/bgcol=191919/linkcol=4285BB//"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="allowNetworking" value="always"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><param name="bgcolor" value="#191919"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="never"><object data="http://bandcamp.com/EmbeddedPlayer/album=1034115700/size=venti/bgcol=191919/linkcol=4285BB//" type="text/html" width="400" height="100"></object></object><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My friend sent me this one to me. I think she has really good taste in music!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://vimeo.com/14402009">Baths - "Lovely Bloodflow"</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/anticon">anticon.</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com/">Vimeo</a>.</span></div>
AMINAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02036460212760949453noreply@blogger.com0